|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2022 | Volume
: 19
| Issue : 1 | Page : 17 |
|
Immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors
Nafiseh Shamloo1, Nasim Taghavi2, Samane Ahmadi3, Soudeh Shalpoush4
1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4 Private Dentist, Tehran, Iran
| Date of Submission | 28-Jun-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 07-Aug-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 28-Feb-2022 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Samane Ahmadi
Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.338780
Background: Proliferation markers have been used to determine the behavior and prognosis of benign and malignant tumors; this study was aimed to compare the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and novel marker minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) in common salivary gland tumors including pleomorphic adenoma (PA), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), to find a possible significant correlation between benign and malignant tumors.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 90 cases, including 30 PAs, 30 MECs, and 30 AdCCs, were collected. The IHC expressions of PCNA and MCM7 were evaluated. Their expressions were compared with each other and between benign and malignant tumors. Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square and Tukey's test. P value was considered 0.05.
Results: Out of 30 cases of PA, 28 cases (93.3%) were PCNA positive and 28 cases (93.3%) were MCM7 positive. In the AdCC cases, 29 cases (96.6%) were PCNA positive and 29 cases (96.6%) were MCM7 positive. In the MEC cases, all cases (100%) were PCNA positive and 23 cases (76.6%) were MCM7 positive. The labeling index (LI) of MCM7 and PCNA was evaluated, and this index was lower in MCM7 LI than PCNA in all tumors. The MCM7 and PCNA expression showed a significant difference in PA and MEC (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: PCNA expression was higher than MCM7 expression in salivary gland tumors. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the malignant activity of these tumors with group of markers such as MCM family members.
Keywords: Adenoid cystic carcinoma, minichromosome maintenance complex component 7, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
How to cite this article:
Shamloo N, Taghavi N, Ahmadi S, Shalpoush S. Immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Dent Res J 2022;19:17 |
How to cite this URL:
Shamloo N, Taghavi N, Ahmadi S, Shalpoush S. Immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Dent Res J [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Oct 4];19:17. Available from: https://www.drjjournal.net/text.asp?2022/19/1/17/338780 |
| Introduction | |  |
The prevalence of salivary gland neoplasms is about 5% among the benign and malignant head-and-neck tumors.[1] These tumors demonstrate variable histopathological and also clinical characteristics, so their early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.[2] Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) or benign mixed tumor is a benign neoplasm showing some degrees of morphological variations. It is the most common epithelial tumor (about 60%) in salivary glands.[3] Its age of occurrence is approximately 30–50 years. It presents with a minor preference in women.[4] Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is one of the most common malignant salivary gland tumors and is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor in children. This tumor occurs more often in the 2–7 decades of life, is more common in the parotid gland, and is usually seen as an asymptomatic swelling. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is one of the most common (10%–25% of salivary gland tumors) and well-known salivary gland malignancies.[5] It is more common in minor salivary glands and its age of occurrence is about 50–60 in the life cycle.[4] At present, there are no detectible risk factors which lead to early diagnosis of these malignancies.[6]
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a nuclear protein which helps delta DNA polymerase in DNA replication as a sliding clamp.[7] This protein has a high concentration in late G1 phase and early S phase. It falls in the G2 and M phases of cell proliferation cycle.[8]
Minichromosome maintenance complex component family (MCM2-MCM7) includes important binding proteins with a critical role in the initiation and progression of DNA replication. They also participate in controlling the cell cycle periodicity.[9],[10] They are highly expressed in the G1 and S phases. Then, the expression is decreased gradually and may not be even detectable in the G0 phase.[11] It is implied that MCM expression is amplified in the proliferative cells, while they are deficient in the differentiated cells, suggesting that they may be useful as proliferative markers.[12] The detected expression of MCM proteins in dysplastic and malignant cells indicates that these proteins can be used for detecting some carcinomas in clinical settings.[13],[14],[15] Previous studies have recommended MCM7 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and esophageal SCC.[16],[17],[18] However, comparative MCM7 expression has not been evaluated between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors.
Dysregulations in cell cycle result in abnormal cell proliferation in tumorigenesis, and constant DNA replication plays an important role in the occurrence of neoplasms.[19] Proteins with a role in cell cycle are involved in various biological procedures. For instance, neoplasm formation or its progression can be used as proliferation markers to predict the biological behavior of tumors or to differentiate benign and malignant tumors.[13] It has been reported that MCM2-7 plays a role in replicating genome only once in each cell cycle.[20] The function of MCM proteins in the cell cycle regulation and DNA replication and its probable relation with pathological features, diagnosis, or prognosis of neoplasms may suggest it as a new marker of cell proliferation.[21] PCNA has also been mentioned as a prognostic marker in salivary gland tumors in earlier studies,[22],[23],[24] and the expression of MCM7 has only been evaluated in AdCC but not in other benign and malignant salivary gland tumors.
Detection of novel biomarkers in relation with the progression and invasion of tumors can assist in developing drugs which target molecular markers in these tumors. The aim of this study was to compare MCM7 and PCNA expression to evaluate a possible correlation in proliferation progress between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors and between the marker's expression and histologic grade and metastasis in MEC and AdCC.
| Materials And Methods | | |
Specimen selection
The samples of this cross-sectional study were collected from 90 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks pf PA, MEC, and AdCC (thirty cases from each of them) obtained from the archives of the Pathology Department of Amir-Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee (ethical code: IR.SBMU.RIDS.REC.1394.66) of Dental School at Shahid Beheshti University.
The MEC samples were graded according to Auclair et al.[25] and AdCC and classification of Cho et al.[26] The numbers of all grades of MEC, AdCC, and metastatic cases are presented in [Table 1]. | Table 1: Characteristics of pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma in cases
Click here to view |
Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed in order to confirm the previous diagnosis. The clinicopathologic information of each case, including age, sex, tumor location, and histologic grades, was obtained from the patients' records and by reviewing the slides. Samples with incomplete data, insufficient paraffin-embedded tumor material, inappropriate fixation, and incisional biopsy were excluded.
Immunohistochemistry
For all specimens, μ4 sections were cut and mounted on the silane-coated slides. The sections were deparaffinized with 100% xylene and rehydrated in graded ethanol series. They were then immersed in tris-buffered saline (TBS) of PH 6 and heated in a microwave oven at 750 watts for antigen retrieval. After cooling into room temperature, the sections were incubated with primary antibody MCM7 (Monoclonal mouse Anti-Human, Thermo scientific, Fremont, CA, USA) and PCNA (Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human, Thermo Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA) at 1:2000 for an hour. After washing in TBS, the sections were treated with Dako Envision.
Diaminobenzidine chromogen was used to visualize the antibody expression, which was then counterstained with Meyer's hematoxylin. Oral SCC was used as positive control for both antibodies. For negative control, normal saline was used instead of the primary antibody.
Evaluation of immunohistochemistry
To evaluate the labeling index (LI), the percentage of positive nuclei was taken from 1000 tumor cells at × 400 magnification and regarded as the LI. These stained cells were evaluated in five microscopic fields, which illustrated more intense staining. Furthermore, the intensity of staining was evaluated as follows: 0 = negative, + = mild, ++ = moderate, and +++ = strong.[27]
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out on the tabulated data using SPSS-18 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). MannWhitney, Chi-square, Bonferroni, and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests were used for data analysis. The significance level of all tests was set as P < 0.05.
| Results | | |
The general characteristics of 90 patients included in the present study are shown in [Table 1].
PCNA was expressed in 28 (93.3%) PA samples, 29 (96.6%) AdCC samples and all MEC samples (100%). MCM7 was expressed in 28 (93.3%) PA cases, 29 (96.6%) AdCC cases, and 23 (76.6%) MEC cases.
The LI was lower in MCM7 than in PCNA for all three tumors, it means that the mean of stained cell nuclei in expressed samples of MCM was lower than PCNA samples. These differences were significant for the MEC and PA [P < 0.001; [Table 2]]. | Table 2: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling index in pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma
Click here to view |
In PCNA, LI showed a significant difference between PA and AdCC (P < 0.001) and between MEC and AdCC [P < 0.001; [Table 2]].
The Tuckey-HSD test also indicated a significant difference in MCM7 expression between MEC and AdCC (P = 0.001).
In our study, of 30 MEC samples, 19 samples were of low grade, 7 samples were of intermediate grade, and 4 samples were of high grade [Table 1] PCNA LI showed no difference between histologic grades of MEC. It was the same for MCM7 LI [Table 3]. | Table 3: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index in histopathologic grade of mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Click here to view |
In this study, 19 AdCC samples showed cribriform pattern, 6 samples tubular and 5 samples were solid. There was no significant difference in PCNA LI between the histological grade of AdCC and it was the same for MCM7 LI [Table 4] | Table 4: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index in histopathologic grade of adenoid cystic carcinoma
Click here to view |
Data analysis showed no significant correlation of PCNA and MCM7 LI between each histological grades of AdCC [P = 1.0, P = 0.2 and P = 0.6; [Table 3]].
However, all the histological grades of MEC showed a lower expression in MCM7 than in PCNA [P < 0.001; [Table 3]].
Furthermore, there was not a significant difference between MCM7 and PCNA expression and lymph node metastasis in AdCC and MEC (P > 0.05).
Expression of MCM7 was different in components of MEC cases [Table 5]. | Table 5: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index in components of mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Click here to view |
The MCM7 and PCNA expressions in the cell nuclei of PA, MEC, and AdCC are demonstrated in [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]. | Figure 1: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 expression in cell nuclei of pleomorphic adenoma (×400).
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 expression in cell nuclei of adenoid cystic carcinoma (×200).
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 expression in cell nuclei of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (×200).
Click here to view |
 | Figure 4: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in cell nuclei of pleomorphic adenoma (×400).
Click here to view |
 | Figure 5: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in cell nuclei of adenoid cystic carcinoma (×200).
Click here to view |
 | Figure 6: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in cell nuclei of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (×200).
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
The routine gold standard of diagnosis in salivary gland tumors is histopathologic evaluation.[1] Sometimes, using a proper biologic marker with immunohistochemistry method can be helpful for definitive diagnosis or predicting the aggressiveness and behavior of tumors. Some proliferation and biologic markers have been utilized as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Some of the previous studies have introduced MCM proteins as novel biologic markers for proliferating cells and tumors.[28] Considering the evidence that MCM proteins have a critical role in DNA replication and cell cycle control,[9],[28] this study was designed to examine whether MCM7 proteins could be more useful proliferative and diagnostic markers than PCNA in salivary gland tumors or not.
In this study, 93.3% of PA, 96.6% of AdCC, and 100% of MEC samples showed PCNA expression, which was in line with the study of Gordón-Núñez et al.[29] and contrary to the studies of Russo et al.[30], Perez et al.[31] and Alves et al.,[24] in which the PCNA marker was expressed in all samples. The reason of contradiction could probably be due to the smaller number of samples in the above studies (3 cases in Russo's study, 1 case in Perez's study, and 15 items in Alves's study) and different staining evaluation methods.
The LIs of PCNA in PA, MEC, and AdCC samples were 80.33%, 88.36%, and 37.75%, respectively. In our study, the LI of PA was less than that of MEC, but it was not statistically significant. Former studies have compared the percentage of stained tumor samples with each other not their LI (as it is referred to as the mean number of stained cells). Using this method, if few cells are stained in one sample, it is the same as the samples which are stained in almost all cells, so it is better to suggest a standard method for counting and comparing the stained cells with biomarkers to be more accurate and comparable with other studies. There was a significant difference between AdCC, MEC, and PA, which was consistent with the results of Russo et al.[30] Russo et al. reported that PCNA expression was higher in poorly differentiated tumors, but AdCC and PA were not directly compared with each other. They compared all malignant salivary gland tumors with all benign tumors. Furthermore, the number of ADCC samples was much lower than that of PAs (3 AdCC/12 PA).
There were no statistically significant differences between different histopathologic variants in terms of PCNA expression. These results were consistent with the results of Cho et al.,[26] which showed the higher expression of PCNA in the solid regions, but this difference was not statistically significant.
There was no statistically significant difference in the PCNA expression among the histopathologic variants of MEC, which was in contrast to the results of Alves et al.,[24] Cardoso et al.,[22] and Hicks and Flaitz.[32] In all these studies, there a small sample size was recruited.
In this study, 93.3% of PA samples showed the MCM7 expression. About 76.6% of MEC samples and 96.6% of AdCC samples showed the expression of this marker. In this study, the LI of the MCM7 samples of PA, MEC, and AdCC were 22.16%, 12.80%, and 33.16%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the expression of this marker between MEC and AdCC. In MEC samples, all epidermoid components showed a significant difference in MCM7 expression. In previous studies, the MCM7 marker expression has been higher in OSCC and SCC esophageal cancer than in dysplasia and normal tissue.[16],[33],[34] The reporting methods in these studies are different, and most of them have reported the number and percent of cases which showed expression not the LI. Until now, MCM7 has not been studied in the salivary gland tumors; it has only been investigated in AdCC.
Our results showed no significant difference in MCM7 expression with histopathologic grades between MEC and AdCC.
In general, in this study, the LI was significantly lower in MCM7 than in PCNA in salivary gland tumors. MCM proteins remain inactive in the G1 phase, until the S phase is activated to start replication. From the G1 phase to S phase, the MCM undergoes phosphorylation, and these changes help subsequent gathering of other replication members, while PCNA is observed in late G1 phase and in S phase. Its expression increases in these phases and then decreases in phase G2-M, but PCNA is still observed in these phases.[35],[36],[37] PCNA is involved in both DNA replication and repair, which can lead to its presence in large quantities even in nonproliferating cells. Unlike PCNA, MCM proteins have a role only in the DNA replication process.[38] The longer fluctuation and presence of PCNA during the cell cycle might be the cause of its higher expression than MCM7, which is more stable during the cell cycle.[38]
In our study, no significant difference was seen in lymphatic metastasis between MCM7 and PCNA expression. Since the number of metastasis samples was low, it was not possible to make a proper conclusion.
It seems that it would be more precise if there were more cases to evaluate the difference between the grades of MEC and histologic types of AdCC. Further studies are suggested to include some cases of recurrent PA and compare the differences between the PA cases with and without recurrent PAs. With all controversies in former studies, it has been concluded that the prognostic significance of the whole MCM family is more accurate than that of one MCM protein individually.[39]
| Conclusion | | |
Low expression of MCM7 in common salivary gland tumors and absence of relationship with malignancy in these tumors may suggest more studies on MCM family to find a more proper diagnostic marker in these tumors. MEC cases showed a different expression of MCM7 in their components, and the expression was very low. Therefore, further studies are suggested to be conducted on this tumor. According to previous studies on PCNA, this marker seems to be more reliable in salivary gland tumors.
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thanks Dr. Farzad Yazdani for his cooperation in collecting cases.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no conflicts of interest, real or perceived, financial or non-financial in this article.
| References | | |
| 1. | Speight PM, Barrett AW. Salivary gland tumours. Oral Dis 2002;8:229-40.  |
| 2. | Ghazy SE, Helmy IM, Baghdadi HM. Maspin and MCM2 immunoprofiling in salivary gland carcinomas. Diagn Pathol 2011;6:89. |
| 3. | Barnes L, Eveson J, Reichart P, Sidransky D. World Health Organization classifications tumours. In: Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. Lyon: IARC; 2005. |
| 4. | Neville BW, Damm DD, Chi AC, Allen CM. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. St. Louis, Missouri. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015. p. 444-6, 54-6, 62-3. |
| 5. | Senft E, Lemound J, Stucki-Koch A, Gellrich NC, Kreipe H, Hussein K. Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A 16, tumour protein 53 and epidermal growth factor receptor in salivary gland carcinomas is not associated with oncogenic virus infection. Int J Oral Sci 2015;7:18-22. |
| 6. | Coca-Pelaz A, Rodrigo JP, Bradley PJ, Vander Poorten V, Triantafyllou A, Hunt JL, et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck – An update. Oral Oncol 2015;51:652-61. |
| 7. | Takawa M, Cho HS, Hayami S, Toyokawa G, Kogure M, Yamane Y, et al. Histone lysine methyltransferase SETD8 promotes carcinogenesis by deregulating PCNA expression. Cancer Res 2012;72:3217-27. |
| 8. | Bravo R, Frank R, Blundell PA, Macdonald-Bravo H. Cyclin/PCNA is the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase- δ. Nature 1987;326 (6112):515-7. |
| 9. | Forsburg SL. Eukaryotic MCM proteins: Beyond replication initiation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004;68:109-31. |
| 10. | Shohet JM, Hicks MJ, Plon SE, Burlingame SM, Stuart S, Chen SY, et al. Minichromosome maintenance protein MCM7 is a direct target of the MYCN transcription factor in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2002;62:1123-8. |
| 11. | Nowińska K, Dzięgiel P. Białka MC. I Ich rola w proliferacji komórek i procesie nowotworowym the role of MCM proteins in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Postepy Hig Med Dosw Online 2010;64:627-35. |
| 12. | Padmanabhan V, Callas P, Philips G, Trainer TD, Beatty BG. DNA replication regulation protein Mcm7 as a marker of proliferation in prostate cancer. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:1057-62. |
| 13. | Freeman A, Morris LS, Mills AD, Stoeber K, Laskey RA, Williams GH, et al. Minichromosome maintenance proteins as biological markers of dysplasia and malignancy. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:2121-32. |
| 14. | Williams GH, Romanowski P, Morris L, Madine M, Mills AD, Stoeber K, et al. Improved cervical smear assessment using antibodies against proteins that regulate DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:14932-7. |
| 15. | Stoeber K, Halsall I, Freeman A, Swinn R, Doble A, Morris L, et al. Immunoassay for urothelial cancers that detects DNA replication protein Mcm5 in urine. Lancet 1999;354:1524-5. |
| 16. | Feng CJ, Li HJ, Li JN, Lu YJ, Liao GQ. Expression of Mcm7 and Cdc6 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions. Anticancer Res 2008;28:3763-9. |
| 17. | Ahn JH, Chang HK. Expression of minichromosome maintenance protein 7 and Smad 4 in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Korean J Pathol 2010;44:346-53. |
| 18. | Zhong X, Chen X, Guan X, Zhang H, Ma Y, Zhang S, et al. Overexpression of G 9a and MCM 7 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Histopathology 2015;66:192-200. |
| 19. | Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Biological hallmarks of cancer. In: Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine; 2016. p. 1-10. |
| 20. | Chevalier S, Blow JJ. Cell cycle control of replication initiation in eukaryotes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1996;8:815-21. |
| 21. | Giaginis C, Vgenopoulou S, Vielh P, Theocharis S. MCM proteins as diagnostic and prognostic tumor markers in the clinical setting. Histol Histopathol 2010;25:351-70. |
| 22. | Cardoso WP, Denardin OV, Rapoport A, Araújo VC, Carvalho MB. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands. Sao Paulo Med J 2000;118:69-74. |
| 23. | Matsubayashi S, Yoshihara T. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland: An immunohistochemical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007;264:789-95. |
| 24. | Alves FA, Pires FR, De Almeida OP, Lopes MA, Kowalski LP. PCNA, Ki-67 and p53 expressions in submandibular salivary gland tumours. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;33:593-7. |
| 25. | Auclair PL, Goode RK, Ellis GL. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of intraoral salivary glands. Evaluation and application of grading criteria in 143 cases. Cancer 1992;69:2021-30. |
| 26. | Cho KJ, Lee SS, Lee YS. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression in adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary glands. Head Neck 1999;21:414-9. |
| 27. | Ashkavandi ZJ, Najvani AD, Tadbir AA, Pardis S, Ranjbar MA, Ashraf MJ. MCM3 as a novel diagnostic marker in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14:3479-82. |
| 28. | Alison MR, Hunt T, Forbes SJ. Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins may be pre-cancer markers. Gut 2002;50:290-1. |
| 29. | Gordón-Núñez MA, Godoy GP, Soares RC, de Souza LB, de Almeida Freitas R, Queiroz L, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of PCNA, p53 and bcl-2 in pleomorphic adenomas. Int J Morphol 2008;26:567-72. |
| 30. | Russo G, Zamparelli A, Howard CM, Minimo C, Bellan C, Carillo G, et al. Expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins pRB2/p130, p107, E2F4, p27, and pCNA in salivary gland tumors: Prognostic and diagnostic implications. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:3265-73. |
| 31. | da Cruz Perez DE, Pires FR, Alves FA, Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of fifty-three cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004;68:895-902. |
| 32. | Hicks J, Flaitz C. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands in children and adolescents: Assessment of proliferation markers. Oral Oncol 2000;36:454-60. |
| 33. | Choy B, LaLonde A, Que J, Wu T, Zhou Z. MCM4 and MCM7, potential novel proliferation markers, significantly correlated with Ki-67, Bmi1, and cyclin E expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and precancerous lesions. Hum Pathol 2016;57:126-35. |
| 34. | Tamura T, Shomori K, Haruki T, Nosaka K, Hamamoto Y, Shiomi T, et al. Minichromosome maintenance-7 and geminin are reliable prognostic markers in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: Immunohistochemical study. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39:328-34. |
| 35. | Neves H, Kwok HF. In sickness and in health: The many roles of the minichromosome maintenance proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017;1868:295-308. |
| 36. | Kurki P, Vanderlaan M, Dolbeare F, Gray J, Tan EM. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin during the cell cycle. Exp Cell Res 1986;166:209-19. |
| 37. | Fei L, Xu H. Role of MCM2-7 protein phosphorylation in human cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2018;8:43. |
| 38. | Juríková M, Danihel Ĺ, Polák Š, Varga I. Ki67, PCNA, and MCM proteins: Markers of proliferation in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Acta Histochem 2016;118:544-52. |
| 39. | Kwok HF, Zhang SD, McCrudden CM, Yuen HF, Ting KP, Wen Q, et al. Prognostic significance of minichromosome maintenance proteins in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015;5:52-71. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
|
Search Pubmed for