Saprophytic molds such as Mucor, Rhizopus, and Absidia cause mucormycosis, a fungal infection. These saprophytic fungi are common in the environment and have a strong proclivity for invading major blood arteries, causing tissue ischemia, necrosis, and infarction. They have been linked to immunocompromised individuals with a history of diabetic ketoacidosis, corticosteroid medication, HIV infection, malignant lymphomas, and patients currently receiving and recovering from COVID-19 treatment. The foregoing is the case of a 78-year-old COVID-19 recovered male who presented with a primary complaint of upper tooth movement for 1 month and maxillary segmental mobility. The maxillary alveolar process was resected, and histopathological reports revealed mucormycosis, which was treated with antifungal medication and nasolabial flap surgery. For the past 6 months, he has been disease-free. Early detection and treatment may offer a higher chance of successfully minimizing this debilitating condition.

Background: The posterior denture teeth wear faster than the anterior teeth, which can result in occlusal interferences, loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, greater stress accumulation in the anterior region, and higher ridge resorption. This study aimed to compare the wear resistance of three types of artificial acrylic teeth before and after removing the glaze layer. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study compared three types of artificial acrylic teeth, namely, Finex (F), SR Orthotyp DCL (S), and Vita Physiodents (V) in six groups (n = 10). Half of the artificial teeth of each brand underwent 0.5-mm buccal reduction to remove the glaze layer (groups FC, SC, and VC). The teeth were thermocycled and placed in a chewing simulator. The teeth with and without the glaze layer were weighed before and after the wear test. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA (the level of significance was 0.05). Results: The weight reduction (indicative of wear) was 0.03 ± 0.02 and 0.12 ± 0.03 mg in Groups S and SC, 0.03 ± 0.02 and 0.25 ± 0.04 mg in Groups V and VC, and 0.11 ± 0.15 and 0.28 ± 0.1 mg in groups F and FC, respectively. Removing the glaze layer (P < 0.01), type and brand of acrylic tooth (P < 0.01), and the baseline weight of artificial teeth (P < 0.01) had significant effects on wear resistance of artificial teeth. Conclusion: The wear of artificial teeth was greater after removing the glaze layer, and the magnitude of wear was also significantly different among the three brands. The group FC showed maximum wear while the groups S and V showed minimum wear.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been related to throat-esophageal and gastric cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of EBV in OSCC. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 48 samples recorded in the archives of the Oral Pathology Department of Isfahan Dental School with definitive diagnosis of OSCCs prepared by excisional biopsy. Samples were selected in different age groups, locations, and genders. The grade of the tumor malignancy was determined based on Annreroth's classification. The EBV expression was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The data were entered into SPSS software and statistically analyzed by t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. Significance level was considered P < 0.05. Results: IHC staining for EBV was positive in 25 samples (52%). There was no significant relationship between EBV expression and mean age, gender, clinical feature, and grade of tumor differentiation (P > 0.05). A significant difference was observed between the EBV expression and location (P = 0.035). Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between the grade of tumor and staining intensity distribution index of EBV (P = 0.005). Conclusion: EBV expression was observed in most of the OSCCs, especially in poorly differentiated tumors. The pathogenesis of OSCCs may be related with EBV. OSCCs in buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth have more frequently of EBV expression. Future studies on the mechanisms of EBV and their role in OSCC are required with larger sample sizes.

Background: This study assessed the effect of sodium hypochlorite on cyclic fatigue resistance of RaCe, HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper files. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, 90 RaCe, HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper files (n = 30 of each) were divided into two groups (n = 45). Group 1 included 15 files of each rotary system, which were immersed in 37°C sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) for 5 min. Group 2 files were immersed in 37°C saline for 5 min. The files underwent cyclic fatigue testing using simulated root canals in which, the rotary files could freely rotate until fracture. Time of fracture was recorded by a chronometer and the number of cycles until fracture was calculated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). Results: No significant difference existed in the mean number of cycles or rotation time of files between saline and sodium hypochlorite (P > 0.05). The mean rotation time of RaCe was significantly shorter than that of HyFlex and XP-endo Shaper in both solutions (P < 0.05). The mean number of cycles of RaCe was significantly lower than that of HyFlex and XP-endo Shaper files in both solutions (P < 0.05). The mean number of cycles of HyFlex was significantly lower than that of XP-endo Shaper (P < 0.05). >Conclusion: Immersion of rotary files made of different alloys in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min had no effect on their fracture resistance. However, type of file alloy affected its fatigue resistance such that XP-endo Shaper showed the highest and RaCe showed the lowest fatigue resistance.

Background: The background of this study was to improve the longevity of a restoration and optimal adaptation of restorative material to the prepared cavity walls is crucial. The study aimed to evaluate the interfacial adaptation of Activa, Micron, and Predicta bulk bioactive restorative materials to coronal dentin using micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro micro-CT assessment study, Class II mesio- and disto-occlusal cavities were prepared on 60 extracted human mandibular molar teeth. After etching and bonding procedures, all the mesial cavities (n = 60) were restored with Tetric N-Ceram and the disto-occlusal cavities with Activa or Micron or Predicta bioactive (n = 20 each) restoratives. Interfacial gap percentages were evaluated under micro-CT before (baseline) and after thermo-mechanical load cycling (TMC). Acquired data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance, Paired t-test, and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures, at P < 0.05 level of significance. Results: The interfacial gap percentages were lowest for Predicta bioactive and highest for the Micron group (P < 0.05). The number of gaps increased significantly after TMC in all the groups (P < 0.05). The adaptation of tested materials was inferior to axial wall and pulpal floor, whereas considerably better adaptation was observed on buccal and lingual walls. Conclusion: Predicta bioactive followed by Activa bioactive has shown superior interfacial adaptation, whereas Micron bioactive demonstrated maximum microgaps compared to nanohybrid composite. Artificial aging with TMC has a negative influence on the internal adaptation of all tested materials.

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic oral mucosal disease. It can manifest as severe erosive/ulcerative oral lesions, causing pain and discomfort. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may be deteriorated due to the patient's symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate OHRQoL and its relation to oral pain in erosive/ulcerative OLP patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with erosive/ulcerative OLP filled out Chronic oral mucosal disease questionnaire (COMDQ). Meanwhile, they recorded their oral pain through Visual analog scale (VAS). The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between COMDQ score and VAS (IBM SPSS Statistics). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Sixty patients participated in the present study; 51 (85%) were women and 9 (15%) were men. The mean age of participants was 50 ± 14.5 years. The mean score of COMDQ was 47.44 (±18.21). The mean VAS score was 4.5 (±2.4). COMDQ total and all domain scores were significantly correlated with VAS (P < 0.05), except for the “Patient support” domain (P = 0.63). Conclusion: In patients with erosive/ulcerative OLP, there was a significant correlation between oral pain and COMDQ total score, as well as its physical, social, and emotional domains. It seems that COMDQ can be a complementary tool for assessing treatment outcomes in OLP patients.

Background: The aim of the present study is to compare the antibacterial effect of fluoride mouth rinse and fluoride varnish on the primary biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in two types of orthodontic adhesives. Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro study in which forty composite discs of Transbond XT and Lightbond were divided randomly into 4 groups: Group 1: Control group (not treated with fluoride), Group 2: Rinsed by 0.2% fluoride mouth rinse, Group 3: Rinsed by 0.05% fluoride mouth rinse, and Group 4: Treated by varnish fluoride. Then each group was placed in S. mutans suspension. Bacterial suspension from each treatment was subcultured onto the surface of Mueller–Hinton agar plates, and bacterial growth was assessed. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance test and Scheffé test was run to compute the binary groups (P < 0.05). Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans in treated groups by fluoride but no significant difference between two types of composites. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that S. mutans colonies were sensitive to fluoride and their most effective form was varnish. There was no significant difference in early biofilm formation of S. mutans in two types of orthodontic adhesive resins Transbond XT and Lightbond.

The corona virus malady 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rekindled the well established argument regarding the role of dental aerosol in transference of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Aerosols and droplets are generated amid innumerable dental procedures. With the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic droplet, a review of the infection/disease control strategies for aerosols is required. We do not know where this pandemic is directed. We do not have conclusive evidence for an optimal management strategy. Every day brings in varying information, so recognizing the hazard created by aerosols will help diminish the probability of infection transfer at the time of dental procedures. Hence, the author assessed the evidence-based medical and dental literature in relation to “aerosol' that documented the source of transmission of aerosol through various potential routes, addressed the risk potential to patients and the dental team, and assessed the additional measures that might minimize the viral transmission if regularly adopted. In this article, the author evaluated and compiled dental guidelines by various countries and various health-care associations in context to aerosol-generating procedures and has made recommendations for the restriction of dental aerosols and splatter in routine dental practice.

Background: Remineralizing agents such as fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) are popular treatment choices for incipient enamel lesions. Recently introduced resin infiltration enhances the esthetics of teeth affected by these enamel lesions. Furthermore, few studies reported the utilization of colloidal silica infiltration for the white spot lesions. However, the potency of these materials for treatment in primary teeth necessitates investigation. Thus, this study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of CPP-ACP fluoride (CPP-ACPF), resin infiltration, and colloidal silica infiltration on surface microhardness in artificial white spot lesions in primary incisors using the Vickers microhardness testing machine. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, on the labial surface of 45 primary incisors, artificial white spot lesions were created by immersing them in a demineralizing solution. According to the evaluation method, random distribution of specimens into three groups: Group 1: CPP-ACPF, Group 2: resin infiltration, and Group 3: colloidal silica infiltration. Specimens after treatment were stored in artificial saliva, followed by microhardness evaluation using Vickers microhardness. Microhardness readings at baseline, post demineralization, and after treating them with different materials were taken. The level of significance was 0.01. Results: Enamel specimens treated with resin infiltration showed a high microhardness mean value compared to CPP-ACPF and colloidal silica infiltration. Conclusion: Resin infiltration is a promising and effective treatment option for incipient enamel lesions followed by CPP-ACPF compared to colloidal silica infiltration in primary teeth.

Background: To consciously select an appropriate dental cement for each type of intracanal post. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was carried out (1970 to 2020) through Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The following keywords were searched in title, abstract, or keywords with different combinations: endodontically treated tooth, root canal therapy, dental posts, post and core, prefabricated posts, custom posts, dental cement, resin cements, cement selection, cement, and adhesive resin cement. Results: Evaluating full texts, 146 articles were selected to review the types of posts and cements, selection criteria of appropriate cement for each type of post, and compare the results obtained by different cements. Conclusion: Dental cements affect the survival rate, durability, and success rate of postbased treatments. Considering special characteristics and application of each type of intracanal post, conscious selection of cement is an important determining factor in long-lasting success. Choosing an appropriate cement has a key role in success and durability of dowel posts-based fixed restorations.

Background: Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) assesses the subjective perception of oral health and its impact on the quality of life. The aim of this study is to measure the OHRQoL and its determinants among adult people living in Kerman, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 5657 adult people (18–64 years) residing in the Kerman district, both in the rural and urban areas, were enrolled in the study between September 2014 and April 2018. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and the oral health indices, such as the total decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT), community periodontal index (CPI), gingival index (GI), and xerostomia, were measured by an experienced dentist. The demographic variables of gender, age, educational status, and marital status were also recorded. The impact of the studied variables on OHRQoL was evaluated with multiple logistic regression. Results: Participants were 2239 (39.58%) men, and average age was 45.39. The mean scores for OHRQoL, DMFT, CPI and GI were respectively: 24.07 (7.76), 10.7 (6.86), 0.76 (0.96), 0.63 (0.8). The frequency of people with xerostomia was 37.4. 301 (53.3%) of people had poor quality of life related to oral health. In multivariable analysis, there was a statistically significant increase in OHRQoL with an increase in the DMFT (P < 0.001), xerostomia (P < 0.001), CPI, (P < 0.001). Men had a significantly higher OHIP score than women (P < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, DMFT, xerostomia, and CPI scores are strongly related to OHIP scores. In addition, between CPI and GI scores, the CPI score is the better predictor.

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive, poorly differentiated round cell tumor in bone or soft tissues. This rare neoplasm is found primarily in the long bones of limbs and flat bone of pelvis with a predilection in the second decade in life. Primary ES of the maxillofacial region is exceptional and constitute 1% ± 4% of all cases. This case report is aimed at highlighting a very rare clinical presentation of extraosseous ES of the chin region-a first of its kind.

Background: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACPF) varnish for remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) “in vitro” in human teeth. Materials and Methods: Literature search included three databases, namely Medline (via PubMed), The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, and Google Scholar from 2010 to January 2021. The studies assessing WSL depth, calcium, phosphate ion release, and microhardness due to artificial demineralization or remineralization were considered for review. Reference articles were retrieved, and a customized risk assessment tool was used. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to generate the risk of bias summary graph. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochrane's test, and random effects model was used to pool estimate of effect and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for surface microhardness. Results: Eighteen studies were selected for review based on the eligibility criteria. Four studies showed superior remineralizing effect of CPP-ACPF compared to fluoride varnishes. Four studies involving 120 human permanent teeth samples were included in the meta-analysis. Efficacy of CPP-ACPF varnish was equivalent to other fluoride varnishes in improving surface microhardness after remineralization during 7-day period (mean surface microhardness: 3.94, 95% CI [−9.08–1.21], I^2: 75%, P = 0.13). Major risks of bias associated with the studies included in the review were inadequate sample size, improper sample preparation, and unexplained blinding. Conclusion: CPP-ACPF varnish appears to be equally effective as other fluoride varnishes in remineralizing artificially induced WSLs, but quality of evidence is low.

Child's uncooperative behavior can impede the efficient delivery of dental care. Therefore, in spite of exceeding availability of behavior management techniques there is a need to search for a psychological behavior management technique that effectively reduces fear and anxiety during dental treatment and instill a change in child's attitude toward the treatment and is also acceptable by the parents. The aim of our systematic review is to determine the efficacy of various psychological behavior management techniques in managing a child's behavior in pediatric dentistry by assessing the fear and anxiety levels, ease of use by the clinician, application in various operative procedures, and parental acceptance. A systematic search was conducted by two reviewers in databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane for the studies published from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020. Studies included were clinical studies which evaluated the efficacy of various psychological behavior management techniques by evaluating the fear and anxiety levels and the changes in behavior during dental treatment in children aged between 4 and 14 years. The studies selected were then assessed for quality with the help of predetermined criteria which categorized the studies into high, medium, and low. Through search strategy, 7147 articles were yielded. After screening through titles and abstracts, 60 nonduplicated articles were selected which were further screened for full text. At the end, 15 articles were included in systematic review and 3 articles for meta-analysis. It was concluded that all the psychological behavior management techniques aided in reduction of fear and anxiety. In noninvasive procedures, conventional psychological behavior management techniques can be effective but in invasive procedures other newer psychological behavior management techniques showed better results. The aspect of parental acceptance regarding various techniques was not discussed in any of the included studies.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of apical microleakage following the fracture of five types of nickel–titanium rotary file systems (ProTaper Universal, Mtwo, RaCe, Revo-s, HeroShaper) in the apical one-third of the canal. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory experiment, 49 mandibular premolars were collected and randomly divided into seven groups. Root canal treatment was performed by five different rotary file systems with different cross-sections. All files, except in the control groups, were scratched at the 3-mm end by a handpiece. After separation of the apical end of the file in the root canal, the apical seal was measured, using the fluid infiltration technique. Data were analyzed in SPSS, using one-way ANOVA and Tamhane's T2 tests at P < 0.05. Results: The Hero Shaper and RaCe files showed the highest (3.14 μL/min) and the lowest (2.51 μL/min) rates of microleakage over time, respectively. There were significant differences between the Hero Shaper and RaCe files and between Hero Shaper and ProTaper files in terms of microleakage (Tamhane's T2 tests, P < 0.05) Conclusion: The presence of a separated file and its cross-section type affects the apical microleakage.

Background: Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) was recently introduced to dentistry. However, difficulty in provision of a strong durable bond is its main drawback. Thus, precise surface treatment and use of a suitable luting agent are imperative for bonding of PEEK restorations. This study aimed to assess the effect of type of luting agent on shear bond strength (SBS) of PEEK. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 square-shaped PEEK samples were fabricated and sandblasted with 110 μm Al₂O₃ particles. The samples were then divided into four groups based on the type of cement used (n = 15): zinc phosphate cement, Panavia F2, Panavia V5, and resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) cement. After bonding, the samples were thermocycled for 5000 cycles. The SBS was measured by a universal testing machine. The surface of samples was inspected under a video measuring machine to determine the mode of failure. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test via SPSS version 24 (α = 0.05). Results: RMGI did not bond to PEEK. The SBS values were 4.02 ± 2.87 megapascals (MPa) for Panavia V5, 10.84 ± 6.05 MPa for Panavia F2, and 10.50 ± 2.88 MPa for zinc phosphate. The SBS in the Panavia V5 group was significantly lower than that in the Panavia F2 (P = 0.001) and zinc phosphate (P < 0.001) groups. No significant difference existed between the Panavia F2 and zinc phosphate groups in this respect (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Panavia F2 resin cement and zinc phosphate conventional cement provided the highest bond strength to PEEK, while RMGI did not bond to PEEK.

Background: Considering the increasing demand for tooth-colored restorations, this study sought to assess the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) of composite to deep dentin by using mild and ultra-mild universal adhesives. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 75 sound third molar teeth randomized into five groups (n = 15) of Clearfil self-etch (SE) Bond (control), Tokuyama Universal Bond (TUB), and All-Bond Universal (ABU) in etch and rinse (E and R) and SE modes. The occlusal surfaces of the teeth were trimmed to expose deep dentin at 0.5 mm distance from the pulp chamber. Adhesives were applied on the dentin surface according to the manufacturers' instructions, and Z350XT composite cylinders were bonded to dentin using Tygon tubes (0.9 mm internal diameter, 2 mm height). After incubation at 37°C and 100% humidity for 24 h, the teeth underwent μSBS test in a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was also determined under a stereomicroscope. Analysis of variance, Bonferroni test, and Fisher's exact test were applied for data analysis (alpha = 0.05). Results: TUB in E and R mode (13.78 MPa) and ABU in SE mode (7.85 MPa) yielded the maximum and minimum μSBS values, respectively. No significant difference was noted in μSBS of tested universal adhesives in E and R and SE modes to deep dentin (P > 0.05). TUB yielded significantly higher μSBS than ABU (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in mode of failure of the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Type of adhesive affected the μSBS but etching mode of universal adhesives had no significant effect on their μSBS to deep dentin.

Background: Over the past year, patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 presented with severe gustatory dysfunction, the prevalence of which varies among different populations. Furthermore, there have been sporadic reports of oral ulceration observed in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients due to varied reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the presence of gustatory disorders, oral ulceration, and other oral changes in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, a total of 402 participants who were detected COVID-19 positive by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction were included. Their demographic and clinical data were recorded through hospital records. The participants were interviewed either in person or on the telephone to record any change in taste and/or changes within the oral cavity. t-test for independent means was used to compare mean age, while other characteristics were compared by Chi-square test and Z-score test. P < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Out of the total sample of 402 individuals, 262 were male and 140 were female. The prevalence of gustatory dysfunction and oral ulceration was 43.53% and 15.67%, respectively, in the studied sample. Significantly more females had gustatory dysfunction than males and older subjects more commonly than younger. The symptom of loss/change of taste and oral ulceration were more probable to occur together. In addition, the tongue was the most common site for ulceration in our studied sample. Conclusion: Loss of taste is a common symptom of COVID-19 patients, whereas oral ulceration is not so commonly reported. However, the presence of both these symptoms could impair the quality of life of patients and hamper adequate nutritional uptake.

Background: Dental trauma is a common problem in children, which mostly occurs at school. Traumatic dental injuries often cause unpleasant experiences for children, and immediate and appropriate measures are needed. Its prognosis depends on immediate posttraumatic measures, and schoolteachers can play a key role in the treatment of children. The current study aimed to investigate teachers' knowledge about dental injuries in primary school children in the city of Isfahan. Materials and Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, the current study was conducted on 248 elementary school teachers who were selected using the simple two-stage random cluster. Then the teachers' knowledge was measured based on a four-choice questionnaire consisted of two parts. According to this questionnaire, teachers were divided into five categories based on their knowledge score which was consist of strongly high knowledge, high knowledge, average knowledge, low awareness, and strongly low knowledge. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-test. Statistical significance was considered when P < 0.05. Results: The total knowledge score of teachers was 45.9%. About 61% of the teachers had a history of exposure to dental injuries. Furthermore, 49.6% of them believed milk was the best environment to keep the avulsed teeth. There was no significant association between teachers' knowledge and education level, history of previous trauma, or participation in a training course, but there was a direct association between teachers' knowledge and their work experience (P < 0.05). Female teachers' knowledge score was significantly higher than their male counterparts (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Participants had a moderate level of knowledge about the management of dental traumas. Hence, it is suggested to develop educational programs to increase teachers' awareness about this issue.

Background: This study aimed to assess the relationship between the osteoporotic condition and periodontitis in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Ninety-four women aged 50–80 years were studied in this cross-sectional study. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebra BMD (LBMD), total hip BMD (HBMD), and neck of femur BMD (NBMD) was assessed using standardized dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (normal: T-score ≥−1, osteopenic: −2.5 ≤ t-score <−1, osteoporotic: T-score <−2.5). Bleeding point index (BI), O'Leary plaque index (PI), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Cementoenamel junction, alveolar-crest distance (CEJ-AC) was measured from cone-beam computed tomography images. Periodontitis severity was represented by CAL and CEJ-AC distance. One-way analysis of variance followed by Post hoc Tukey was performed for examining differences among the groups for different variables. Pearson correlation coefficient® and backward regression analysis were used to investigate the effect of confounding variables on CEJ-AC as the dependent variable. Significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: Mean CEJ-AC was significantly higher in the osteoporotic and osteopenic groups compared to the normal group (P = 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between CEJ-AC and NBMD and LBMD (P < 0.001). The associations between LBMD and CEJ-AC existed even after adjusting for confounding factors (P = 0.002). The differences in BI, PI, and CAL were not statistically different between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Although osteoporosis is not the main cause of periodontitis, it can indirectly affect periodontal status by increasing CEJ-AC. Early diagnosis of osteoporosis followed by early referral to a dentist for the treatment of potential existing periodontal diseases is important to avoid complications among postmenopausal women

Background: This study clinically and histologically compared the human pulp response to direct pulp capping (DPC) with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and propolis in 2 months. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial evaluated 41 premolars candidate for extraction due to orthodontic purposes of patients between 15 and 25 years of age. A group of 5 was separated randomly as the negative control. The remaining teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 12 after mechanical exposure of the pulp by bur in high-speed handpiece under air and water spray. The exposed areas were capped with MTA, Biodentine, or propolis. Glass ionomer was applied as base over the cap. The teeth were restored with composite resin. Patients were recalled in 2 months for clinical and radiographic examinations and also pulp vitality test. Teeth were then extracted. Slides were prepared and tissue sections were evaluated for the presence and severity of inflammation, dentinal bridge, and continuity. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: The clinical success rate was 100% in the MTA and 91.7% in both the propolis and Biodentine groups. The presence and severity of pulpal inflammation and dentinal bridge formation were similar in all the experimental groups (P > 0.05). Dentinal bridge formation was similar in the MTA and Biodentine groups and was higher than in the propolis group. Continuation of dentinal bridge in the MTA group was significantly higher than that in the Biodentine and propolis groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: MTA, Biodentine, and propolis are equally effective for DPC.

Background: MicroRNAs are a class of small noncoding ribonucleic acids that perform a critical role in adjustment of gene expression. miRNAs-155 (miR-155) participates in controlling inflammation. Periodontitis is defined as inflammatory disorder of tissues surrounding the teeth. In this study, the expression levels of miR-155 and its target genes, tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were evaluated in a group of Iranian patients. Materials and Methods: This sectional study was performed on 10 healthy controls and 10 individuals with chronic periodontitis by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. For each individual, clinical parameters including probing depth and clinical attachment loss and blood samples were measured. Levels of miR-155, TNF-α, and IL-6 were quantified using real-time PCR (α=0/05) and the results were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. Results: The level of miR-155 was significantly higher in patients with chronic periodontitis (P < 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between the level of miR-155 and clinical parameters (P < 0.05). Level of miR-155 in tissue samples was correlated with blood samples although the expression level was higher in blood samples. Conclusion: As the expression level of miR-155, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes was higher in subjects with chronic periodontitis than healthy individuals, it might suggest a role for miR-155 in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant trait, leading to midface deficiency, undeveloped orbits, short nasal dorsum, and exophthalmos as the typical clinical features. Early correction of craniofacial problems can improve patients' quality of life, but many of these patients with Crouzon syndrome are seeking treatment in older ages when they are missed for multidisciplinary management and distraction technique in proper timing. Modified LeFort III osteotomy is one of the treatment options that can be used for proper resolution in adult patients. The present case report study aims to describe a patient with midface deficiency due to the Crouzon syndrome who has undergone a combination of modified LeFort III osteotomy with the periocular approach and LeFort I osteotomy, nasal dorsum augmentation accompanied by genioplasty, wholly as a single surgical procedure which has been shown that can result in highly satisfactory outcomes for both patient and surgeon.

Background: Dental implants are known as a widely accepted and predictable method to replace missing teeth. Many factors, including using a class of drugs, such as β-blockers, can improve the osseointegration of dental implants. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between administrating propranolol and osseointegration in dental implants. Materials and Methods: This experimental animal study was performed on four native male street dogs of 11–13 kg of weight and 16–20 months of age. The specimens underwent teeth extraction. After that, the dogs were randomly divided into two groups. The first group contains two control dogs which would receive oral saline. The second contains two dogs which would receive oral tablets of propranolol daily. After a period of healing, three titanium implants were inserted in each of speciments' left mandibular quadrant, and treatment was resumed with propranolol and saline administration in case and control group, respectively. After 4 weeks, one of control group dogs and one of case group were anesthetized, and dental implants were removed alongside the peripheral bone marrow using a trephine drill. Meanwhile, the other two dogs (1 control and 1 propranolol administered dogs) were anesthetized after 9 weeks of implant placement, and the same procedure was carried out. Results: Due to the histomorphometric assessment, the mean score of bone implant contact (BIC) in week 4 was significantly higher in case group compared to control one (68.33% vs. 20.22%). In week 9, the mean BIC score was higher in case group compared to control group (68.60% vs. 50.17%); meanwhile, in contrast to week 4, it was not statistically significant. In both case and control groups, the formation of woven and lamellar bone was more significant in week 4 rather than week 9. Conclusion: Administration of systemic β-blockers can improve dental implants osseointegration process.

Background: The reduction of Streptococcus mutans from the oral cavity or its adherence to tooth surfaces can prevent or decrease the progression of caries. In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-adherence properties of Pistacia atlantica (P. atlantica) resin (Essential oil [EO] and methanolic extract [ME]) were investigated on S. mutans strains. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, the growth rate, biofilm formation ability, and antibiotic susceptibility profile of S. mutans ATCC35668 and 3 strains isolated from caries lesions were studied. The EO and ME of P. atlantica resin were prepared. The anti-bacterial and anti-adherence properties of them were evaluated using microdilution and microplate adherence tests, respectively. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS with one-way and two-way analysis variance. Direct comparisons between the groups were made using the Wilcoxon W-Mann–Whitney U-test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: All target strains showed the same growth rate and antibiotic susceptibility profile and were found strongly adherent. Both EO and ME showed moderate anti-bacterial properties (growth reduction up to 47.1% and 39.1%, respectively) against S. mutans, while the anti-bacterial effect of EO was higher than ME, significantly (P < 0.05). In all tested concentrations, EO showed a significantly stronger anti-adherence activity (50%–80%) than ME. Conclusion: The results showed an anti-cariogenic effect of EO extracted from P. Atlantica resin. Considering that S. mutans adhesion is a necessary step in the beginning and progression of dental caries, this study can suggest the use of such extract in mouthwashes or toothpaste as an alternative agent for preventing bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.

Background: Accurate shade matching of metal-ceramic restorations with natural teeth is one of the most challenging aspects of dental restorations and esthetic dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate of the color parameters of two types of porcelain systems VMK Master and VM13 porcelain with VITA 3D-master shade guide. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study a total of 56 metal discs (10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were fabricated. Each of the disks was veneered with porcelain (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) of the VITA shade. The discs were randomly divided into four groups (2M2 and 3M2 from VM13, 2M2 and 3M2 from VMK master) of 14 (n = 14). The spectrophotometer was used for taking color measurements based on the numerical color data of the CIELAB color system. Data analysis was performed by t-test (P < 0.05). Results: Comparison of color parameters in different porcelain showed that the type of porcelain caused a significant difference in color parameters (L, a, and b) (P < 0.05). The degree of translucency (L*) or glaze of VMK porcelains was higher than VM13, but the parameters a* and b* were higher in VM13 porcelains than VMK (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the color difference of two porcelain in 2M2 (1.63 ± 0.84) and 3M2 (1.71 ± 0.96) shades was within the acceptable clinical limit. Considering the total color difference (ΔE), there were no significant differences between the ΔE values produced by any of shades (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, the spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the porcelain shade type causes a change in the color parameters, but the color difference between two porcelains VMK and VM13 is within the acceptable range of clinical color. Therefore, both porcelain systems with 2M2 and 3M2 shades are suitable for enhancing the results of restorative dentistry.

Background: In Iran, the inequitable distribution of health-care staff, especially dental practitioners between rural and urban areas has a major impact on the delivery of care for those living in rural communities. This study investigated the factors affecting the retention of dental practitioners to stay in the rural areas. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. All dental practitioners working in health services centers covering a population lower than 20,000 people in Kerman province participated in this study (n = 81). A researcher-designed questionnaire was used for the data collection. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics and logistic regression through the SPSS software. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.2 ± 6.5 and 39.5% were female. The results showed that about two-thirds of native dentists (with local origin), 73.3% of married dentists, and all dental practitioners who had no children or had a child under the age of six were willing to continue working with their current Comprehensive centers of health services compared to other dentists. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression showed that there was a significant relationship among dentists' age, monthly salary, and facilities available in the area (place of residence, availability of vehicles, etc.), view of dental practitioners on living in a rural area, and view of dentists' families on living and working in the area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: More than half of the dental practitioners declared their willingness to stay in rural areas, although, in practice, this amount of presence in rural areas does not meet the needs of residents. Financial issues, amenities, and facilities in the rural areas can have a positive impact on the retention of dental practitioners.

Background: The mechanical and thermal properties of polymethyl methacrylate, as the most commonly used material for the fabrication of dental prostheses, should be improved due to its structural weaknesses. The present study aimed to compare the flexural strength and thermal conduction of two heat-cured and self-cured acrylic resins reinforced with aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 114 samples consisting of heat- and self-cured three subgroups (1% and 3% Al₂O₃ and the control) with 66 samples for the thermal conduction (n = 11) and 48 samples for the flexural strength (n = 8) tests were prepared. Flexural strength was assessed with a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA was applied for data analysis, followed by post hoc Tukey paired group comparison tests (P < 0.05). Results: An increase in the aluminum oxide nanoparticle percentage in acrylic resins increased the thermal conduction in heat-cured acrylic resin from 2.142 ± 0.0298 to 2.487 ± 0.0359 m (2)/sec and in self-cured acrylic resin from 2.0150 ± 0.02646 to 2.1475 ± 0.04031 m (2)/sec and decreased the flexural strength in heat-cured acrylic resin from 60.521 ± 8.9278 to 49.747 ± 4.4729 MPa and in self-cured acrylic resin from 37.573 ± 10.9237 to 35.569 ± 6.1531 MPa (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The incorporation of aluminum oxide nanoparticles adversely affected acrylic resin flexural strength; however, it increased the thermal conduction.

Background: Considering the studies on the effects of bleaching materials on properties of dental materials, The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate the effects of two different concentrations of bleaching agents on flexural strength and microhardness of VITA ENAMIC. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, 30 rectangular-shaped specimens (2 mm width × 2 mm height × 12 mm length) for flexural strength and 30 specimens (5 mm width × 5 mm length × 2 mm height) for microhardness tests were prepared from VITA ENAMIC blocks 12 × 14 × 18 mm. The specimens were polished using silicon-carbide sandpapers 400, 600, 800, 1200, 2000 under flow of water for 60 s each. The prepared samples for flexural strength and microhardness were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10): control group (C), samples bleached using Opalescence PF 15% (B15), and samples bleached with Opalescence Xtra Boost 40% (B40). Flexural strength measurement was done using a universal testing machine, and microhardness test was done using Vickers. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and post hoc tests and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean microhardness values of C, B15, and B40 groups were 255.46 ± 3.02, 249.86 ± 4.18, and 235.53 ± 4.61 kgf/mm². Opalescence PF 15% and Opalescence Xtra Boost 40% affected microhardness of ENAMIC significantly (P < 0.05). The mean flexural strength values of C, B15, and B40 groups were 155.26 ± 16.13, 142.14 ± 11.52, and 133.39 ± 16.13 MPa. A significant decrease in flexural strength was found between the C and B40 groups (P = 0.007). However, the difference between flexural strength of the C and B15 groups was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that both concentrations of bleaching agents can affect microhardness of ENAMIC. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide 40% has a negative effect on the flexural strength of ENAMIC.

Background: Masking dark tooth structure or darkness of oral cavity with ceramic restorations is an important concern. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum thickness of a multilayer all-ceramic restoration (IPS-emax Press) required for a proper masking in these situations. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, 36 multilayer ceramic disks of IPS e.max Press (IvoclarVivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with the diameter of 13 mm were prepared and allocated in six groups of different core/veneer thicknesses: 0.4/0.4 mm (G1), 0.5/0.5 mm (G2), 0.6/0.6 mm (G3), 0.8/0.7 mm (G4), 1.0/0.8 mm (G5), and 1.1/0.9 mm (G6). For backgrounds, the standard black tile of spectrophotometer (B) was used to stimulate the darkness of oral cavity, and an opaque ceramic (OC) of IPS-emax Press (OC) was fabricated to determine the masking ability. CIELAB values of all disks on B and OC backgrounds were measured, and ΔE was calculated between two backings. One-way ANOVA and post hoc tukey test were used to analyze the data. ΔE ≤3.3 and P < 0.05 were considered, respectively, as the clinically acceptable limit and the level of statistical significancy. Results: The mean ΔE between B and OC of groups 4 (2.83 ± 0.80) and 5 (1.46 ± 0.36) were within the range of the clinically acceptable color difference (ΔE ≤3.3); thus these groups could properly mask the black background. A trend was existed in the results as by increasing the thickness, ΔE was decreased. Conclusion: A thickness of 1.5 mm of a multilayer ceramic restoration (IPS e.max Press) is required to mask a dark discoloration.

Background: Small chipping or fracture of ceramic restorations may be repaired by composite resin instead of replacing the restoration. This method is faster and cheaper compared to restoration replacement. Several strategies have been suggested to obtain a high repair shear bond strength (SBS). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of some new ceramic surface treatments (laser and universal adhesive) to enhance the repair bond strength of composite resin to ceramic compared to the conventional method. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 80 IPS Empress Esthetic ceramic plates in eight groups (n = 10). The ceramic surface was polished with 320-grit silicon carbide paper under running water, rinsed with water spray for 10 s and dried. The samples were then divided into two subgroups for mechanical surface preparation with hydrofluoric (HF) acid and Er: YAG laser (2 W, 200 m J, 10 Hz, 10 s). Each group was divided into two subgroups for use/no use of silane. The conventional or universal adhesive was then applied on the samples in each subgroup. Composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic surface using plastic tubes. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and subjected to an SBS test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). Results: The interaction effect of variables on SBS was significant. Maximum SBS was noted in HF acid + silane + conventional adhesive group (mean: 12.0481 MPa). Minimum SBS was noted in the laser + conventional adhesive group (mean: 2.5766 MPa). Surface treatment with HF acid yielded significantly higher SBS than laser (P < 0.001). The interaction effect of conventional/universal adhesive and use/no use of silane on SBS was statistically significant. Conclusion: The repair SBS was higher in groups treated with HF acid compared to laser. Ceramic surface treatment with HF plus silane plus conventional adhesive yielded a higher SBS as well as HF plus Universal adhesive. Thus, the application of silane as a separate step can be omitted in the repair of ceramic restorations with universal adhesives.

The white spot lesion on the dental enamel is an optical alteration that compromises the esthetics of smile. It can be caused by many factors, among them, defects in mineralization and formation of tooth enamel. Resin infiltrants are agents that penetrate, by capillarity, through the pores of the demineralized or hypomineralized enamel, altering the refractive index (RI) of the tooth structure and totally or partially masking the appearance of the white spot. The aim of this work was to report the use of resin infiltration to minimize the visualization of white spot lesion, present in an upper central incisor, as a microinvasive approach for the esthetic treatment of deep enamel hypomineralization. A 20-year-old female patient sought care with the esthetic complaint of extensive white spot lesion on the buccal face of her upper right central incisor. The diagnosis established was a deep white stain associated with the incisor molar hypomineralization syndrome, and the treatment of choice for the resolution of the case was the application of the Icon^® resin infiltrant (DMG, Hamburg, Germany). To reach the body of the lesion, three cycles of acid erosion, using 15% HCl, were necessary to obtain a satisfactory aspect of masking the white lesion. A camouflage effect of the deep white spot lesion was achieved with the use of the resin infiltration, without the need of additional and irreversible wear of the dental structure.

Background: To compare and evaluate the strength rendering capacity of three restorative materials in tooth model simulated as immature teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 80 human maxillary permanent central incisors scheduled for periodontal extraction were collected, and an immature tooth model was prepared using a 3 mm twist drill. To simulate single-visit apical barrier, all the teeth were prepared with peso number 1–6. The teeth were segregated into three experimental and a control group. The experimental groups (n = 20) comprised of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), Biodentine, and glass ionomer cement. The fracture resistance of all the teeth was tested using universal testing machine. The final reading of the applied load to cause fracture was noted and later was subjected to statistical analysis, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and the level of significance was fixed at 5%. Student's t-test was applied to compare values among experimental groups Results: There was a significant difference in the values of peak load resulting in fracture among experimental groups which was observed statistically (P ≤ 0.001). FRC exhibited superior reinforcing capacity (mean: 1199.7 N) among the experimental materials followed by Biodentine and Bioglass R. The lowest value to fracture was observed in control group (mean: 236.7 N). Conclusion: The results indicate that FRC could substantially contribute positively in reinforcing the simulated thin-walled immature roots.

Background: To compare the effect of different mouth washes on metallic ions release from silver-soldered and laser-welded orthodontic attachments. Materials and Methods: In this comparative in vitro study, 32 samples of molar bands without attachments were used. Sixteen samples were silver soldered to stainless steel (SS) wire and 16 samples were laser welded using laser welding device to SS wire. Each group samples were divided into four test groups and submerged in solution containing sodium fluoride (NaF), NaF + alcohol (NaF + alcohol), Chlorhexidine (CHX), and artificial saliva (AS). Samples were shaken for 24 h with an agitation rate of 60 rpm. One sample from each group was selected to study the morphologic changes on their surfaces through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and remaining samples were studied for metal ions released and dissolved in the solutions using spectrometry. The metal ions release values of two different attachment methods in three different mouth washes and AS group were compared using the unpaired t-test. A two-way analysis of variance was used to identify the significant differences between the two types of orthodontic attachments immersed in four different types of solutions. P < 0.05 was defined to be set significant for all tests. Results: Level of metal ions released from the samples of silver soldering was higher than from laser welding. The lowest amounts of metal ions were released in CHX while highest in NaF + alcohol. The SEM images were in accordance with these findings. Conclusion: Laser welding should be preferred over silver soldering for the construction of orthodontic appliances. CHX containing mouthwashes such as Hexidine can be prescribed for the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. More in vivo experiments will determine whether the levels of dissolved nickel ions can reach the toxic or sub-toxic concentrations or not.

Background: During the first experiences of clinical treatment, dental students face various challenges. The purpose of the study is to standardize the questionnaire as a suitable tool for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of psychosocial impact, stress levels, and learning effect of dental students during the transition from preclinical to clinical education in Persian. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study a questionnaire including three areas of psychosocial impact, perceived stress, and learning effect was systematically translated. In the group of experts, face validity was examined. Then, the content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were determined. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by the test–retest method and the Cohen's Kappa coefficient. In a cross-sectional study, the psychosocial impact, stress levels, and learning effect of all students newly admitted to the endodontic, prosthetics, periodontics, and restorative dentistry departments of Shahid Beheshti Dental School (128 people) were measured. Mann–Whitney and Spearman–Rho were used for statistical analysis (P = 0.05). Results: During the CVR and CVI evaluation, 12 statements were removed from the questionnaire, and one statement was changed. All valid statements of the questionnaire were considered reliable. The initial questionnaire was finally developed in the form of 27 items. Interest in clinical treatment and collaboration between students and faculty had the greatest psychosocial effects. The highest level of stress among students was seen in the endodontic ward (mean = 3.8). The greatest effect of learning was seen in different sections in infection control (mean >4). Conclusion: This study provided a standardized tool in Persian to evaluate the psychosocial impacts, perceived stress, and learning effect of dental students during the transition to clinical education and focused on the first clinical treatment experiences. One important psychosocial factor was collegiality between teachers and students. The ability to communicate well with the patient is thought to reduce stress.

Background: To establish an endodontic diagnosis, a clinician should consider a variety of factors. Various studies have failed to demonstrate a strong correlation between histological findings with clinical and radiographic assessments. This study sought to evaluate the histopathological features of reversible and irreversible pulpitis diseases and their correlation with clinical diagnosis in extracted human molar teeth. Materials and Methods: In this experimental ex vivo study, 75 molars with caries and three intact molars were used. According to the radiographic findings and clinical criteria and the need for root canal therapy, samples were categorized as having normal/reversible pulpitis and irreversible pulpitis. Immediately after extraction, an exposure was made at 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. Formalin-fixed specimens were decalcified, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examinations using light microscopy. Variables including the type and severity of the inflammation, hyperemia, necrosis, fibrosis and the existence of an odontoblastic layer and dentin bridge were evaluated. The Fisher's exact test and the Chi-squared test were used for statistical analysis. P <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Acute inflammation, hyperemia and pulp exposure were significantly more common among subjects with irreversible pulpitis (P < 0/005). However, fibrosis was significantly higher in the reversible group (P < 0/005). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the other variables. Conclusion: Some discrepancies between clinical, radiographic and histological findings were observed in our experimental study. Indeed, effective clinical practice requires consideration of all discrepancies found.

Background: This study aimed to assess the oral health knowledge, attitude, and performance of the parents of autistic 3–12-year-old. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 50 parents of autistic 3–12-year-old in Isfahan city. The oral health knowledge, attitude, and performance of the parents were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire with closed questions, after confirming its validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and Cronbach's alpha (α =0.05). Results: Of children, 32 (64%) were males and 18 (36%) were females. A total of 28 (56%) fathers and 22 (44%) mothers participated in this study. The mean age of the children and parents was 8.12 ± 2.4 years and 39.6 ± 6.8 years, respectively. The mean age at the time of diagnosis of autism was 4.08 ± 1.33 years. Of all children, 24 (46.2%) had a previous dental history. The mean scores of the knowledge and attitude of the parents were 5.2 ± 1.7 out of 11, and 16.1 ± 3.1 out of 30, respectively. Of demographic variables, order of child birth had a significant correlation with attitude of the parents, and those with one single child had significantly higher attitude score (P = 0.03). Conclusion: The oral health knowledge, attitude, and performance of the parents of autistic children in Isfahan city were lower than expected, which calls for knowledge enhancement strategies in this respect.

Background: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of green tea, microwaving, cold boiled water, and chlorhexidine (CHX) on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on silicone pacifiers. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 60 equal-size samples of silicone pacifiers were cut, ultraviolet sterilized, and randomly divided into two groups (n = 30) for immersion in 0.5 McFarland standard suspension of S. mutans and C. albicans. The samples in each group were then randomly divided into five subgroups (n = 6) for disinfection with 0.12% CHX, cold boiled water, green tea, microwaving for 7 min, and distilled water. The sample suspensions were cultured on blood agar (for S. mutans) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (for C. albicans) and incubated. The number of colonies was counted after 24 and 48 h. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests (P < 0.05). Results: At 24 and 48 h, the S. mutans colony count was the lowest in CHX and green tea subgroups followed by microwave, cold boiled water, and distilled water subgroups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CHX and green tea can significantly decrease the S. mutans and C. albicans colony count on silicone pacifiers.

Background: One of the critical factors determining the success of dental implants is primary stability. This study aimed to determine the density of jawbones in the implant candidate sites via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and its correlation with the values obtained from resonance frequency analysis during surgery. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study seventeen implant sites requiring implant placement were selected. Impressions were sent to the laboratory to construct a surgical guide via the stereolithographic method. An electronic surgery was performed on the chosen implant sites according to each patient's CBCT information entered into the Kaveh surgical guide software. The bone density of the target areas was calculated using the gray value (voxel value). After preparing the final osteotomy, an implant was installed in the area according to the manufacture's recommendation. The relevant Osstell^® SmartPeg was selected and installed on the implant body to determine the primary stability. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the correlation pearson correlation statistical test. used for statistical analyze. P value amounts < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the gray scale in this study were 563.7 ± 218.8 and 65.3 ± 7.7 implant stability quotient (ISQ) respectively. The correlation between gray scale and ISQ was evaluated by the Pearson correlation test, and the results indicated a strong correlation between the two variables. Conclusion: The voxel value and primary stability had a normal distribution and strong correlation. In other words, the gray scale determined by CBCT imaging techniques at the proposed implant site could be used to assess the bone density before the surgery.

Background: Adverse pregnancy outcome is due to deviation from the normal physiological and immunological process. There is conflicting evidence in support of maternal periodontitis as a risk factor for preterm low birth weight (PTLBW). Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between PTLBW and periodontitis in postpartum mothers based on clinical and microbiological parameters. Materials and Methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted. A total of 103 women with singleton births were included in the study, which was divided into two groups, i.e., Group I-PTLBW and Group II-normal term normal birth weight (NTNBW). Clinical parameters such as oral hygiene index simplified, gingival bleeding index (BOP %), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded on the next day of postpartum. Two samples from each group, i.e., placental extract and the subgingival plaque were collected and transported to the laboratory in an anaerobic medium for microbiological analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test and Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney U-test. The P < 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results: PTLBW group showed significantly higher amounts of periodontal destruction in terms of clinical parameters. The pathogens were also in higher quantities in the PTLBW group compared to the NTNBW group. Conclusion: Periodontitis is related to PTLBW in pregnant women of the studied population. Maternal oral hygiene status delivering PTLBW babies are compromised compared to mothers delivering NTNBW babies. Hence, periodontitis during pregnancy phase is an important health concern for the growing fetus.

Background: It is unclear which the material is a better choice for post and core rehabilitation systems in endodontically treated teeth. This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance of three different postcore systems. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 33 extracted premolars were treated endodontically and divided into three groups, namely (A) the prefabricated fiberglass postcomposite core, (B) the Ni-Cr cast postcore, and (C) the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) postcore groups. After postcementation, the core was restored with Ni-Cr crown. By a universal testing machine, the fracture resistance of the posts was assessed. Furthermore, types of fractures were determined with radiography and confirmed objectively by cutting the acryl resin boxes. The data of the fracture resistance were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey test, and the data of the fracture pattern were analyzed using Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). Results: The fracture resistance was significantly higher in Group B (Ni-Cr) than in Group C (PEEK) (P = 0.001) and Group A (fiberglass) (P < 0.001). Moreover, the fracture resistance was higher in Group C (PEEK) than in Group A (fiberglass) but was not statistically significant (P = 0.405). The fracture pattern was different in all the groups based on the types of fracture (P = 0.009) and the repairability of fracture (P = 0.036). Conclusion: The present study showed that the fracture resistance was significantly higher in the Ni-Cr post than in the fiberglass and PEEK posts. Further, the fracture mode was more repairable in teeth restored with the PEEK post, as compared to the other posts.

Background: Because of the importance of the condyle, it is crucial to document all changes in its position after orthognathic surgery. Since previous studies in this regard are mostly controversial and limited by two-dimensional radiography technique, this study was conducted. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical trial was performed on 102 measurements (17 patients, 2 condyles each, and 3 time points). Cone-beam computerized tomography imaging was done for 17 skeletal Class-III patients (10 females and 7 males, mean age, 24.05 ± 4.78 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, at three time points T0 (before surgery), T1 (immediately after surgery), and T2 (8 months after surgery). Condylar positions were measured. Position changes were evaluated during the course of the study. They were also compared between right/left sides and between men and women. Tests in use were repeated-measures one- and two-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests (α =0.05, α =0.017). Results: Alterations in various anatomical condyle parameters over the 8-month course of the study did not reach the level of significance (P ≥ 0.078). At all intervals, mean anterior-posterior index (API) remained between −12 and +12 (indicative of central position of the condyle in the glenoid fossa). Between men and women, left superior joint space, left anterior joint space, and left API differed (P ≤ 0.05). Left condyle mean superior joint space and anterior joint space were greater in men compared to women in all the three intervals; left condyle mean API was greater in women compared to men (more posterior in men, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Condyles might not change significantly after 8 months post-surgery. However, small changes might be observed, and these changes might differ between the left and right sides and between males and females.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the amount of bone regeneration in critical defects of rabbit calvaria filled with magnesium- and strontium-doped bioactive glasses. Materials and Methods: In this rabbit critical-size calvarial defects study, 12 male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. On the calvaria of each rabbit, four lesions (two lesions in the frontal bone and two lesions in the peritoneal bone) were created with a diameter of 8 mm spaced apart. Each lesion was filled in with (1) strontium-doped bioactive glass, (2) magnesium-doped bioactive glass, (3) 45S5 bioactive glass, and (4) empty lesion (control). Six rabbits were sacrificed at the end of 4 weeks, and six rabbits were randomly sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks. Bone sections with a 5-μ thickness of rabbit calvary bone were prepared, and the percentage of new bone, connective tissue, and residual material were calculated in microscopic images. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni additional tests, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05 in all categories. Results: At 4 weeks, magnesium-doped bioactive glass showed the highest new bone formation with a mean of 11.66 ± 2.64, followed by the strontium-doped bioactive glass with the mean of 11.10 ± 1.69 (P = 0.0001). While at week 8, the highest amount of new bone observed in the strontium-doped group with a mean of 28.22 ± 3.19, and then, the magnesium-doped bioactive glass with a mean of 22.55 ± 3.43 (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Doping strontium and magnesium in the structure of bioactive glasses increases new bone regeneration in comparison with 45S5 bioactive glass.

Background: Proliferation markers have been used to determine the behavior and prognosis of benign and malignant tumors; this study was aimed to compare the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and novel marker minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) in common salivary gland tumors including pleomorphic adenoma (PA), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), to find a possible significant correlation between benign and malignant tumors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 90 cases, including 30 PAs, 30 MECs, and 30 AdCCs, were collected. The IHC expressions of PCNA and MCM7 were evaluated. Their expressions were compared with each other and between benign and malignant tumors. Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square and Tukey's test. P value was considered 0.05. Results: Out of 30 cases of PA, 28 cases (93.3%) were PCNA positive and 28 cases (93.3%) were MCM7 positive. In the AdCC cases, 29 cases (96.6%) were PCNA positive and 29 cases (96.6%) were MCM7 positive. In the MEC cases, all cases (100%) were PCNA positive and 23 cases (76.6%) were MCM7 positive. The labeling index (LI) of MCM7 and PCNA was evaluated, and this index was lower in MCM7 LI than PCNA in all tumors. The MCM7 and PCNA expression showed a significant difference in PA and MEC (P < 0.001). Conclusion: PCNA expression was higher than MCM7 expression in salivary gland tumors. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the malignant activity of these tumors with group of markers such as MCM family members.

Background: Since salivary and breast glands are both considered as a tubulo-acinar, exocrine glands, and they have a common neoplastic morphology, it is not surprising if they share a similar molecular mechanism responsible for their neoplastic transformation. From the first description of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) in salivary tumors, tremendous attentions have been attracted to this receptor for evaluating its impact in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analytics, 28 samples of MEC (14 high grade and 14 low grade) were collected from the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department of Isfahan Dental School and Isfahan Alzahra Hospital. All of these samples were stained with immunohistochemical technique with ER-α marker. The expression of the receptor was evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial pathologists. Statistical data were saved at SPSS and had been analyzed by Mann–Whitney U- and independent t-tests (significance level: P ≤ 0.05). Results: The high-grade MEC was more common in patients with a higher average age (55.9); on the other hand, low-grade MEC was mostly observed in those with a mean age of 39.2 years. Moreover, high-grade MEC was more prevalent in men rather than in women. The staining intensity distribution average in high-grade MEC and low-grade MEC was 2.4 and 0.8, respectively (P = 0.48). Conclusion: The expression of ER-α in high-grade MEC was significantly more than low-grade MEC, indicating that targeting this receptor alongside surgery could bring more advantages for patients.

Background: Remifentanil is a short-acting synthetic opioid, seems to facilitate hospital discharge, induce less agitation and better recovery quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remifentanil on the quality of recovery among healthy children who were candidate for dental procedures under general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This study was a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial on healthy children who referred to the Department of Pediatric dentistry, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Both groups were anaesthetized using 5 mg/kg thiopental sodium, 1 μg/kg fentanyl and 0.6 μg/kg atracurium. The first group received propofol to maintain anesthesia and the second group was given remifentanil along with propofol. Then, the time span to regain consciousness, level of agitation during recovery and time of discharge were monitored and compared between the two groups. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test at P < 0.05 level of significance. Results: Findings showed that the propofol + remifentanil group recovered faster than the propofol group. Chi-square test showed a significant difference in recovery time between the two groups (P < 0.05). About 45 min after regaining consciousness, the mean pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium score in the propofol group was 4.02 ± 2.19 and was significantly higher than the propofol + remifentanil group (3.02 ± 2.83) (P < 0.05). In addition, the mean Postanesthetic Discharge Scoring System score in the propofol group was 6.04 ± 1.74 and was significantly higher than the propofol + remifentanil group (7.58 ± 2.14) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Combination of propofol and remifentanil significantly reduced the time taken for recovery, discharge and agitation level compared to propofol.

Background: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and Aloe vera as an intracanal medicament on 6-week-old Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the solution containing E. faecalis ATCC^® 29212^™ was inserted into the canals of 72 single-rooted teeth to produce biofilm. The samples were divided into four groups, and the antibacterial agent as an intracanal drug was used for 1 week. Calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and A. vera were used as intracanal medicaments in three groups, respectively, and the fourth group was irrigated with normal saline. The collected debris was cultured by spread plate method for the bacterial count by colony count machine, and the number of bacteria in each sample per ml was reported in colony-forming unit per ml (CFU/ml). The data were analyzed using SPSS software. KruskalWallis and MannWhitney U-tests were used for comparison of CFU/ml between the study groups. P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean CFU/ml in the groups of calcium hydroxide, curcumin, and A. vera were 749.44, 630.55, and 1529.16, respectively. Compared with the control group, curcumin, calcium hydroxide, and A. vera showed 99.5%, 99.41%, and 98.79% antimicrobial effects, respectively. All three groups were significantly effective than the control group (P = 0.023, P = 0.023, and P = 0.024, respectively) but were not significantly different from each other (P = 0.057). Conclusion: All three groups showed significant antibacterial activity compared to the control group, curcumin had the most significant effect, followed by calcium hydroxide and A. vera. Therefore, herbal materials can be considered safe alternatives to synthetic medicaments for intracanal usage.

Osteoblastoma (OSB) is an uncommon (3% of benign and 1% of all) primary bone neoplasm with extremely rare occurrence in head and neck, especially the maxillary bone region. OSB of the jaw mainly involves the mandible bone. We report a 10-month-old male who was admitted to the hospital because of a mass in the right maxillary jaw region. Clinicoradiopathologic features of the patient have been described. The histological examinations revealed OSB of the maxillary bone. Total surgical resection of the tumor was performed with 10 months of follow-up and there is no evidence of recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report of maxillary OSB in an infant.

Background: There is generally a lack of compliance in patients who report with oral candidiasis, as they are advised to temporarily stop wearing the prosthesis and are prescribed topical antifungals which are generally unpleasant to taste and follow a rigorous schedule. Furthermore, with the alarming evidence of drug resistance, there is a need for an enhanced drug and drug delivery system. The aim of the study was to determine the dose-dependent antifungal efficacy of silver-zinc zeolite nanoparticles (SZZ-NPs) when incorporated in two brands of soft denture liners against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 samples were made to determine the in vitro antifungal efficacy of SZZ-NPs and fluconazole by measuring the mean inhibition diameter (MID). Two concentrations of SZZ-NPs were compared (0.5%, 2% w/w) with fluconazole 5%w/w which is routinely prescribed. The antifungals were incorporated in two types of commercially available soft denture liners (Visco gel, GC soft denture liner). The MIDs were measured at day 1, day 7, day 15, and day 30. The values obtained (P < 0.001) were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc, and independent t-test. Results: A statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was noted among all the antifungal agents at all the time intervals tested. The anti-fungal efficacy of SSZ-NPs 2% w/w incorporated in GC soft denture liner was significantly superior (P < 0.001) to all groups tested and it retained its antifungal efficacy even on day 30 (MID: 18.33 ± 2.44). Conclusion: SZZ-NPs 0.5%w/w, 2%w/w, and fluconazole 5%w/w can be incorporated with soft denture liners against C. albicans. Fluconazole 5%w/w is the recommended choice for short-term antifungal efficacy, while SZZ-NPs 2%w/w is recommended when long-term antifungal efficacy is needed. GC soft denture liner was the recommended choice.

Background: Oral diseases and their impact on health and quality of life have now evolved into a polarized epidemiological state in which their incidence is especially affecting the most vulnerable in the population: the elderly, especially those with low incomes economical. On the other hand, the noticeable increase observed in the proportion of older adults in developing countries such as Iraq during the last decades. Such a high proportion of older adults is causing an increase in their stomatological care needs that necessitate dentists to know precisely both the etiological factors, such as the pathogenesis and factors that determine the specificity of oral disorders at this stage of life. Only with this knowledge will professionals be able to face these patients with a modern dentistry based on prevention. The objective of the study was to show the impact of oral health on the quality of life of older adults in Iraq. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Iraqi adults focused on demographic characteristics factors, lifestyle, the Geriatric Oral Health Index, and Oral Health Diagnosis. Data were evaluated using ratios, the Chi-square analysis for the correlation among factors and odds ratios to verify statistical significance at P ≤ 0.05. Results: This research confirms the impact of oral health on the quality of life of older adults in Iraq. Endodontic problems compromise the quality of life of older adults. Conclusion: Oral health problems, especially those of traumatic, endodontic, and periodontal origin, negatively affect the quality of life of older adults in Iraq.

Background: Control of pain, fear, and anxiety of pediatric dental patients is a common concern for the parents and dental clinicians. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of audiovisual distraction (AVD) and mute-video distraction (MVD) for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized split-mouth crossover clinical trial evaluated 60 systemically healthy children between 4 and 7 years requiring bilateral pulpotomy of primary maxillary first molars. The samples were randomly divided into 6 groups based on the distraction technique and sequence of its receipt: (I) control-AVD, (II) AVD-control, (III) control-MVD, (IV) MVD-control, (V) AVD-MVD, and (VI) MVD-AVD and were treated. The severity of pain and anxiety of patients during anesthetic injection was measured using physiological (pulse rate [PR]), sound, eyes, and motor (SEM) and faces pain rating (FPR) scales. Data were compared between Groups 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 using crossover clinical trial analysis (P = 0.05). Results: The increase in PR and the mean FPR and SEM scales during anesthetic injection was significantly smaller in AVD than MVD (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between MVD and control technique regarding PR and mean FPR or SEM (P = 1.00). Conclusion: It appears that MVD has no significant efficacy for reduction of pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients. AVD, however, can effectively decrease the pain and anxiety of pediatric dental patients during anesthetic injection.

Background: The effect of different intracanal medicaments on root fracture resistance has not been thoroughly investigated in the short and long term. To assess the effect of calcium hydroxide (CH), CH combined with Chlorhexidine (CHX), double antibiotic paste (DAP), and simvastatin as intracanal medicaments on the fracture resistance of the human root. One hundred and twenty single-rooted mandibular premolars which were extracted for periodontal reasons were collected for this in vitro study. Materials and Methods: This was an in vitro study. All teeth were decoronated. Root canals were prepared by the Pro taper system, and %2.5 NaOCl was used for irrigation. The smear layer was removed using %5.25 NaOCl and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid each for 3 min. The samples were randomly divided into five groups based on the medicament: (1) CH (2) CH + CHX (3) Simvastatin (4) DAP (5) Control group. All specimens in each group were incubated for 1 week (Subgroup A) and 1 month (Subgroup B). Then, medicaments were removed and filled with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer. All samples were tested for fracture resistance. The data were statistically evaluated with the SPSS software 17. ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used for the analysis of the data. P = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Although CH and CH + CHX increased the fracture resistance in a 1-week period, there was no significant difference between the groups after 1 month. Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, CH and CH + CHX, DAP and simvastatin do not have a negative effect on root fracture resistance when used as intracanal medicaments for <1 month.

Background: The associations between Helicobacter pylori and human papillomavirus (HPV) with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are approved before. However, the association between demographic, clinicopathological, and histologic characteristics of HNSCC patients and molecular detection of HPV and H. pylori has not been enough investigated. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 62 patients with HNSCC from January 2016 to February 2020 were entered the study. For H. pylori detection 16S ribosomal RNA and glmM genes and HPV detection, MY09 and MY11 genes were used. P < 0.05 is considered as significant level. Results: There were 34 patients with advanced-stage cancer (54.8%). Grade I patients (61.3%) had the highest frequency. There were 20 (32.25%) and 7 (11.29%) patients with positive H. pylori infection among tumor tissue and healthy tissue margins, respectively. Positive HPV infections were in 8 (12.90%) and 3 (4.83%) patients, respectively, in tumor tissue and healthy tissue margins (P = 0.01). There was a significant difference between histological grade and infection to HPV among HNSCC patients (P = 0.01), and most of the positive HPV cases had well-, moderate-, and poorly-differentiated tumors, respectively. Our study showed a significant increase in HPV infection in the advanced-stage group compared to the early-stage group (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Our study findings concluded a significant relationship between HPV infection in HNSCC patients with age, stage, and grade. In summary, our findings based on polymerase chain reaction analysis concluded remarkably a potential role of HPV infection and to some extent H. pylori infection into the contribution of HNSCC malignancies.

Background: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has the highest sensitivity and specificity for the detection of vertical root fractures (VRFs). This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT with different gamma values for the detection of VRFs. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, multiplanar CBCT scans were obtained from 61 extracted premolars with prefabricated titanium posts using NewTom CBCT scanner. Next, VRFs were artificially induced in all teeth with a mallet, and the teeth underwent CBCT with three different gamma values. The images were evaluated by two observers twice with a 2-week interval for the presence/absence of VRFs. Data were analyzed using the kappa coefficient, McNemar test, and Chi-square test. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of CBCT with different gamma values for the detection of VRFs were assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve. The level of significance was lesser than 0.05 (P < 0.05). Results: Changing the gamma value did not change the sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy of CBCT for the detection of VRFs. No significant difference was noted between the two observers in the detection of VRFs on CBCT scans taken with different gamma grades. The inter- and intra-observer agreement were excellent for all gamma grades. Conclusion: Any gamma value preferred by the observer can be used for the detection of VRFs on CBCT scans.

Background: Applying silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is recommended to arrest and prevent dental caries. However, it may jeopardize the bond of the restorative materials to the tooth. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous use of the SDF and potassium iodide (KI) on shear bond strength to the sound dentin. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the 48 human third molar teeth, dentinal surfaces with a diameter of 6 mm were created by removing the enamel. Then, the specimens were divided into four groups based on applying or not applying the KI/SDF and adhesive type (etch and rinse [E and R] or universal adhesive). Afterward, cylindrical composite restoration was made on the surfaces. Half of the specimens were subjected to 1000 cycles of thermocycling. Subsequently, the shear bond strength was evaluated by Universal testing machine. Furthermore, the type of failure was determined by a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by t-test and Chi-square at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: There were statistically significant differences in shear bond strength between Groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.05), whereas the bond strength difference between Groups 2 and 4 was not statistically significant (P = 0.609). Failures were predominantly of the mixed type in almost all groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the superiority of shear bond strength of universal adhesive to the sound dentin compared to E and R adhesive was confirmed. Thus, using this type of adhesive is recommended under the condition that KI/SDF anticaries material is applied.

Background: One of the main reasons for the failure of root canal treatment is the incomplete knowledge of the root canal system. With respect to the complexity of maxillary molars root canal system, and the possibility of the relationship between the buccolingual width of the mesiobuccal root and root canal morphology in maxillary molars, the aim of this study is to determine this relationship with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This in vitro study carried out on 311 CBCT scans. Maxillary first molars (n = 311) were evaluated in three sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. For each tooth the number of canals, presence of second mesiobuccal (MB2), buccolingual width of mesiobuccal root at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and mid-root level, and type of canals according to the Vertucci's classification were determined. Results: The results showed that 49.1% of first maxillary molars had 3 and 50.8% had four root canals. The most common canal type in the mesiobuccal root was Vertucci's Type I followed by Types II, IV, and V. The prevalence of MB2 in the Iranian subpopulation was 50.1%. In maxillary first molars with MB2, the buccolingual width of mesiobuccal root at the CEJ and mid-root level (P < 0.001) was significantly greater than the corresponding values in other one without MB2. Conclusion: The results showed that the buccolingual width of mesiobuccal root in maxillary first molars at the CEJ level and mid-root was correlated with the number of root canals.

Background: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) can transform into odontoblasts in vitro and in vivo. The role of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25 vitD3) has been reported in the mineralization of hard tissues and teeth, as well as osteoblastic differentiation. This study aimed to assess the effect of different concentrations of 1α,25 vitD3 on odontogenic differentiation of SHEDs. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, second-passage SHEDs were exposed to odontogenic medium along with 0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 nmol concentrations of in 1α, 25 vitD3 to determine its optimal concentration for odontogenic differentiation. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed. Odontogenic differentiation was evaluated by QRT- polymerase chain reaction for dentin matrix protein (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) genes. Morphology of differentiated cells was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Friedman, and Chi-square test. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: MTT test result showed the two groups of odontogenic medium + 10 nm 1α,25 vitD3 and odontogenic medium + 150 nm 1α,25 vitD3 provided the most suitable conditions for cell viability at 72 h. Expression of both genes significantly increased in the presence of 1α,25 vitD3 (P < 0.001). Expression of both genes was significantly higher at 14 days compared with 7 days (P < 0.01). At both time points, expression of both genes was significantly higher in the presence of 150 nm 1α,25 vitD3 compared with 10 nm (P < 0.01). The accumulation of cells with odontoblastic morphology, cell interactions, and calcifications were evident. Conclusion: 1α,25 vitD3 upregulates DMP1 and DSPP and results in odontogenic differentiation of SHEDs in odontogenic medium. This upregulation increases with time and by an increase in concentration of 1α,25 vitD3.

The etiopathology of maxillary sinusitis of dental origin (MSDO) is well established, and chronic apical periodontitis is the second most common cause of all dental-induced sinusitis incidents. The literature presents no common treatment protocols for MSDO and very few studies address the impact of root canal treatment (RCT) in its management. The literature presents cases of maxillary sinusitis resolution after performing a multivisit nonsurgical endodontic treatment, yet none described complete healing of MSDO as a result of single-visit nonsurgical RCT. This paper reports a case series of maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin (MSEO) associated with upper maxillary molars that were successfully treated with single-visit nonsurgical antiseptic RCT. In all cases, the clinical symptoms subsided within a week after endodontic treatment. Control cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan showed healing of periapical bone and total resolution of maxillary sinusitis symptoms. MSDO treatment protocol should start with nonsurgical antiseptic RCT. Single-visit nonsurgical endodontic treatment can be effective in MSEO management. CBCT is a method of choice in MSEO diagnostics. Endodontists are well trained and well equipped to treat MSDO, and the cooperation between ear, nose, and throat specialists, maxillofacial surgeons, and endodontists is crucial for both: good diagnostics and treatment.

Background: Lichenoid reaction (LR) is a relatively common mucocutaneous disease with an unknown etiology. Since the cause of the LRs is unknown, many drugs have been studied to palliate the symptoms. Previous studies reported that corticosteroids are often effective in the management of several oral inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of Melissa gel and triamcinolone 0.1% paste on clinical indices of oral LRs. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, sixty patients with erosive oral LRs were randomly divided into two groups, and each group was treated with Melissa gel or triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% paste, three times a day, for 4 weeks. The recovery rate and severity of pain and burning sensation were assessed after 2 and 4 weeks. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and repeated measures ANCOVA, Mann–Whitney test, Chi-square test, paired t-test, and survival analysis.(α = 0.05). Results: The Visual Analog Scale scores for recovery rate, pain, and burning mouth sensation and objective scoring for oral lichen planus were significantly improved at 2 and 4 weeks in both the groups. However, the pain intensity decreased significantly in the Melissa group, as compared to the triamcinolone 1% group. Conclusion: In general, we showed that Melissa gel has a better effect than triamcinolone on pain intensity. Although Melissa gel is effective in reducing lesion size, triamcinolone significantly showed better results.

Background: This study was designed to investigate the in vitro bioactivity of a new dual cured calcium silicate cement (TheraCal PT) compared to its light cured (TheraCal LC) and chemically set (Biodentine) counterparts. Materials and Methods: The study is an in vitro original research article. Prepared cements discs were immersed in deionized water. Ca²+ release was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry while pH was assessed using a pH meter after 1, 14, and 28 days. Discs for surface characterization were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (ESEM/EDX), immediately after setting and at 1, 14, and 28 days intervals after that. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed after setting and after 28 days storage in PBS. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way repeated measure analysis of variance test followed by Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). Results: Biodentine exhibited the highest mean values for Ca²+ release (792,639,278 ppm) and pH (10.99, 12.7, 11.54) at all time intervals. ESEM/EDX displayed a continuous layer of calcium phosphate formed by Biodentine and TheraCal LC while TheraCal PT developed scarce interrupted precipitates after immersion in PBS. ATR/FTIR and Raman spectroscopy for the formed precipitates confirmed the presence of phosphate and Ca (OH) ₂ in Biodentine, TheraCal LC and TheraCal PT. Conclusion: TheraCal PT exhibited limited in vitro bioactivity which may limit its prognosis in clinical applications for vital pulp therapy. TheraCal LC is considered a potential bioactive calcium silicate cement despite its lower Ca²+ release compared to Biodentine. Highest bioactivity was observed in Biodentine.

Background: Antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs) have various applications in different fields of dentistry. The purpose of incorporating NPs into orthodontic adhesives is to inhibit the cariogenic bacteria and reduce decalcifications around bonded orthodontic brackets. However, they may affect the physical and mechanical properties of adhesive such as shear bond strength (SBS). This review was done to answer the question whether the incorporation of antimicrobial NPs into orthodontic adhesives changes the SBS. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was performed with keywords such as adhesives AND nanoparticles AND orthodontics AND shear strength. After screening and applying eligibility criteria, 18 relevant studies were included. Results: The pooled data suggest that except for 10 wt% of various NPs incorporation, there is no significant difference in SBS between control conventional adhesives and experimental modified ones with tested concentrations. Conclusion: The SBS of orthodontic adhesives containing up to 5% NPs is in clinical acceptable range. However, generalizing the results to in vivo situation may be problematic and further studies are required.

Background: This study aimed to assess and compare the type of dental procedures performed under general anesthesia for healthy and disabled children. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated 361 dental records of children who received dental treatments under general anesthesia in the operating room of Torabinejad Research Center during 2011–2013. Patients with mental or physical disability were categorized as disabled. The age and gender of patients, number of treated teeth, duration of general anesthesia, type of tooth, and type of dental treatment such as extraction, pulp therapy, placement of stainless steel crowns, composite restoration, preventive resin restoration (PRR), fissure sealant treatment, and fluoride therapy were separately recorded for the healthy group and patients with disability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and independent sample t-test at P < 0.05 level of significance. Results: Of 361 patients, 263 patients were healthy and 102 patients had disability. Of all disabled children, 48% had physical and 52% had mental disability. Among patients with physical disability, allergy (40%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (26%) were the most common. Mental retardation (54%) followed by cerebral palsy (10%) were the most common mental disabilities. Number of extracted teeth was significantly higher in disabled children (P = 0.006). Furthermore, disabled children received significantly lower PRR (P = 0.015), fissure sealant treatment (P = 0.003), fluoride therapy (P = 0.002), and pulp therapy (P < 0.001) compared with healthy children. Conclusion: Tooth extraction has a higher frequency in disabled children; while, attempts are made to preserve the teeth as much as possible in healthy children.

Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution of porous tantalum implant and titanium solid implant assisted overdenture (IAO) in mandibular bone by utilizing three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis. Materials and Methods: In this FE study, an existing cone-beam volumetric tomography scan of a patient without any maxillofacial anomaly with an available acceptable IAO for mandible was used to attain the compartments of a completely edentulous mandible. Zimmer trabecular implants and locator attachment systems were selected as the case group (Model B), and Zimmer Screw-Vent implants and locator attachment system were chosen for the control (Model A), as overdenture attachments in the present study. The mandibular overdenture was scanned and digitized as a FE model. Two 3D FE models were designed as edentulous lower jaws, each with four implants in the anterior section of the mandible. Three forms of loads were directed to the IAO in each model: Vertical loads on the left first molar vertical molar (VM). Vertical loads on the lower incisors (VI). Inclined force buccolingually applied at left first molar (IM). Results: Under all loading conditions, the maximum strain values in peri-implant bone in Model A were less than Model B. Under VI, the greatest stress value around abutments in both models was about 2–3 times higher than the other loads. Under VM and IM loads, no significant difference was observed between models. Conclusion: Using trabecular metal implants instead of solid implants reduces strain values around both cortical and trabecular bone.

Background: Cleaning and shaping of root canals are essential steps for the success of endodontic therapy. This study compared two types of rotary files in oval-shaped root canals: XP-endo shaper (FKG, La Chaux-de- Fonds, Switzerland) and Mtwo (VDW, Germany, Munich) with regard to cleaning ability and canal preparation. Mtwo is a system of nickel–titanium files with S-shaped cross-sectional design and XP-endo shaper can change its shape according to the temperature. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 16 pairs of freshly extracted contralateral mandibular premolars with a single oval-shaped canal that were selected and divided into two groups according to the root canal instrumentation technique: XP-endo shaper and Mtwo. Then, each root cut into three coronal, middle and apical sections and processed for histologic evaluation of canal wall planning and the presence of debris. Sections were evaluated by using AutoCAD 2017 software. Statistical analysis was used to compare between both the groups using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for post hoc comparison and independent sample t-tests. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: With a statistically significant difference in the middle third, untouched area and area with debris in XP-endo shaper group were smaller (respectively P = 0.013 and P = 0.011). Despite the percentage difference between groups, there was not a statistically significant difference in other sections. Conclusion: Statistically in the middle section of the oval-shaped canals, the XP-endo shaper performs better than the Mtwo rotary files.

Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of different whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal, abrasive particles or hydrogen peroxide on the color of aged microhybrid composite. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, 45 composite discs (2 mm × 7 mm) were fabricated of a microhybrid composite. They underwent accelerated artificial aging for 300 h, corresponding to 1 year of clinical service. The composites were then randomly divided into five groups (n = 9). One group served as the control and underwent tooth brushing with distilled water. The remaining four groups underwent tooth brushing with Colgate Total whitening (Gt), Colgate Optic White (Go), Perfect White Black (Gp) and Bencer (Gb) toothpastes in a brushing machine The International Commission on Illumination values (L_m, a_m, b_m) were determined using a spectrophotometer. Color change (ΔE) calculated based on this formula: ΔE_m= ([ΔL_m] ² + [Δa_m] ² + [Δb_m] ²)^½. The differences were defined by ΔE₁ (after aging-baseline),ΔE₂ (after brushing-after aging) and ΔE₃ (after brushing-base line). ΔE₁ were evaluated to ensure that color mismatch had occurred (△E1 > 5.5). Difference in (L, a, b) parameters after aging and after tooth brushing in each group, color parameter changes (ΔL_2, Δa₂, Δb_2, ΔL_3, Δa₃, Δb₃) and ΔE₂ and ΔE₃ were analyzed and compared using Wilcoxon test and independent sample median test at P = 0.05 level of significance. Results: The color parameter changes, ΔE₃ and △ E₂ were not significantly different among the five groups (P > 0.05). In Gp and Gb charcoal a*, b*, and L* after tooth brushing (P < 0.05). In Colgate Optic group, the a* parameter significantly decreased while the L* parameter significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that there is no significant difference in the color change of Spectrum composite following tooth brushing with different whitening toothpastes for two weeks. It should be noted that △ E₃ reached to <3.3 only in charcoal whitening toothpastes.

Background: It is difficult to perform dental procedures in autistic children, and parental involvement is necessary for successful hospital dental services. Therefore, in order to promote oral health in autistic children, this study was aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and performance of autistic children's parents with respect to hospital dentistry. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with the parents of 100 autistic children aged 2–6 years selected from among the children of Isfahan autism treatment centers. A self-administered questionnaire, including parental demographic information and 22 items on the assessment of knowledge, attitude, and performance of autistic children's parents regarding hospital dental procedures under general anesthesia, was completed by 100 parents. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 100 parents of autistic children, with an average age of 37.4 ± 6.1 years, were recruited in this study. The results showed that 56%, 50%, and 3% of parents had poor knowledge about dental hospital services, dental complications, and hospital dentistry rules, respectively. Further, 51% of parents believed that general anesthesia was dangerous to their children. In addition, 69% of children had little or no cooperation with the dentist. There was also a significant relationship between the knowledge, attitude, and performance of autistic children's parents regarding hospital dentistry and the parents' age and sex. Conclusion: This study showed that autistic children's parents had poor knowledge, attitude, and performance with respect to hospital dentistry.

Background: Dentists might face various artifacts (such as triangular-shaped radiolucencies [TSRs]) during the assessment of radiographs and should be able to differentiate them from caries to avoid unnecessary treatments. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 109 maxillary second primary molars were evaluated in cooperative children aged 4–9 years, who had distal caries in their maxillary first primary molars. First, TSRs were recorded on periapical radiographs of each maxillary second primary molar's proximal surface. Then, after excavating distal caries in the adjacent teeth “D,” a pedodontist examined the mesial surfaces of teeth “E.” Chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of caries in different variables, and the kappa coefficient was applied to evaluate clinical and radiographic agreements. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Forty-four cases were found to be carious both clinically and radiographically, and 54 cases were noncarious by both methods, while for 11 cases, the diagnosis was controversial. No statistically significant difference was found between radiographic and clinical caries detection methods in children whose periapical radiographs contained TSRs, and most of the subjects had similar diagnoses. Value of caries detection sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in TSRs was 88%, 92%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: Considering high radiographic sensitivity for caries detection in TSRs, clinicians should be more cautious about them being carious or not, and both radiographic and clinical examinations are necessary. Further, to avoid misinterpretation in radiographs, additional education is necessary for young dentists.

Ossifying fibromas (OFs) are benign, well-demarcated lesions in the craniofacial region, particularly in the jaws, with clinical, radiographic, and histopathological similarities to other lesions, which make their diagnosis challenging. Herein, we report a case of a fibro-osseous lesion in the anterior maxilla of a 13-year-old boy, consisting of an intraosseous and an extra-osseous part, which created a diagnostic dilemma.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention of implant-supported overdentures with different attachment systems. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study edentulous model with 2 Straumann implant in symphyseal region was used to make an overdenture with different attachment systems. (Dolder bar with 1 and 3 metal clips, Hader bar with 1 and 3 plastic clips, ball on bar with 2 and 4 plastic caps, Locator, Rhein plastic caps and Eleptical matrix). Retention values were recorded by universal testing machine with a cross speed of 50.8 mm/min in vertical, posteroanterior, and lateral direction. Repeated measure ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the data analysis (α =0.05). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the retention values of studied attachments in different dislodgment directions (P < 0.05). The highest and lowest retention were recorded for 4 balls on bar (56.71 N) and Rhein pink caps (27.89 N) in the vertical direction. Three metal clips (61.43 N) and Rhein pink cap (24.77 had the highest and lowest retention force in the posteroanterior direction. In the lateral direction, 4 balls on bar (62.68 N) and 1 plastic clip (32.27 N) showed the highest and lowest retention, respectively. Conclusion: If the higher retention force has been considered for implant-supported overdenture attachment selection, the clinician can use splinted bar or ball on bar superstructure.

Background: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is known as a common biomaterial for pulpotomy of primary molars, with limitation including high cost, difficult handling, and long setting time. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and radiographic success rate of Allium sativum oil and MTA in pulpotomy of primary molar teeth. Materials and Methods: This randomized, controlled, clinical trial was performed on a group of children with at least two symptom-free primary molars requiring pulpotomy. A total of 90 teeth were randomly assigned into two groups: After pulp amputation and hemostasis, Group I received MTA as medication in the pulp chamber and Group II received Allium sativum oil over the pulp stumps. Pulp chamber was then filled with reinforced ZOE paste (zinc oxide eugenol) and teeth were restored using stainless steel crowns. The follow-up scheme of 6, 12, and 18 months was set, and teeth evaluation was conducted by a calibrated pediatric dentist based on the modified criteria proposed by Zurn and Seale. The results were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation analysis with the P = 0.05 as the level of significance. Results: The clinical success rate was 100% in both groups after all follow-ups. The radiographic success rate was, however, 91.1% after 6.75. 6% after 12 and 18 months in Group II while it was 95.6% after 6, 91.1% after 12 and 18 months in Group I in those follow-up points. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the results, Allium sativum oil has a high clinical and radiographic success rate comparable to those of MTA.

Background: This study aimed to assess the color change of two amine-free dual-cure resin cements following aging in comparison with a light-cure resin cement. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 6 groups (n = 10), including three groups of cements bonded to feldspathic porcelain and three groups of resin cements alone. Panavia V5 (Kuraray) and G-CEM LinkForce (GC) dual-cure resin cements and Choice 2 (Bisco) light-cure resin cements were bonded to porcelain according to the manufacturers' instructions. The color parameters of the groups were measured before and after 5000 thermal cycles by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α =0.05). Results: The color change (ΔE) of the cement groups alone was significantly greater than that of porcelain-bonded cements. The ΔE of G-CEM LinkForce cement group was significantly higher than that of Panavia V5 group (P = 0.020), and the ΔE of the latter group was significantly higher than that of Choice 2 cement group (P = 0.021). Conclusion: Considering the color change of cements evaluated in this study, Choice 2 and Panavia V5 cements bonded to porcelain showed acceptable color change, which indicates that they are suitable for cementation of esthetic dental restorations. Ceramic laminates have become an ideal esthetic treatment for anterior restorations. The resin cement discoloration can affect final appearance of these restorations. Besides that, exposed resin cement line can lead to the esthetic problem over time.

Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with complete penetrance. Common clinical features include abnormalities of hair, teeth, and skull. Dental management of TDO patients is quite challenging in terms of existing dental and skeletal problems. The current article presents a 12-year-old girl suffering TDO, followed by a review on the published literature pertaining to the dental management of TDO patients. Patient history included, rejected corneal transplantation, stone-forming kidneys, and several previous dental treatments. She was noted to have signs of mandibular prognatia, frontal bossing of the skull, mild bilateral tibial bowing, microstomia, and labial fissures. Dental findings included severe generalized enamel defects, discolored teeth, microdontia, anterior open-bite, posterior cross-bite, deep periodontal pockets, hyperplastic inflamed gingiva, taurodontism of permanent molars, dental periapical radiolucencies, and missing teeth. She was the only child of healthy, nonconsanguineous parents with no familial history of similar congenital syndrome or dental abnormalities. A treatment plan was established based on medical/dental history and findings, using a team-based approach. This article emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the dental management of patients suffering TDO.

Background: To evaluate the effect of Ethanol Wet Bonding Technique (EWBT) on postoperative hypersensitivity (POH) of composite restorations in premolar teeth. Materials and Methods: In this randomized trial, 24 patients with at least three proximal carious lesions with similar axial depth and position of gingival floor in their premolars were enrolled. Following cavity preparation, the teeth were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Class II resin-based composite (RBC) restoration using an etch-and-rinse adhesive + wet bonding technique (Control); (2) RBC restoration using EWBT + hydrophobic adhesive; and (3) RBC restoration using EWBT + hydrophilic adhesive. Tooth hypersensitivity was evaluated before and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after treatment according to the Visual Analog Scale. Data were analyzed statistically with Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman tests (P = 0.05). Results: All teeth showed similar levels of hypersensitivity after treatment (both P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference between POH levels of the test and control groups at any control period (P < 0.05). Friedman test indicated that the POH significantly reduced within time in all groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Application of ethanol-wet bonding technique, either with hydrophobic or hydrophilic adhesives did not affect the POH of Class II composite restorations in premolars.

Background: Cention N has been introduced as an alternative material for amalgam. The purpose was to investigate the flexural strength and microhardness of this material in self-cure and dual-cure modes before and after thermocycling. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 samples of Cention N were prepared in order to determine and compare the microhardness. Half of the samples were set by self-cure method and the other half with dual-cure method. The Vickers microhardness test was performed once after 24 h and again after 10000 thermocyclings. Three-point flexural test was used to determine and compare the flexural strength of 52 rod-shaped samples. Half of the samples were set by self-cure method and the other half with dual-cure method. Among 26 samples in each group, 13 samples were randomly selected and three-point flexural test was performed after 24 h and for another 13 samples after 10,000 thermocyclings. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and paired samples t-test (P < 0.05). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the mean of microhardness values in two curing methods (P < 0.001) and in two storage conditions (P < 0.001). The mean of dual-cure microhardness (100.99 ± 7.22) was higher than that of self-cure (64.61 ± 12.51) and the mean value associated with pre-thermocycling (89.75 ± 15.84) was higher than that of the post-thermocycling (76.44 ± 23.56). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean flexural strength in the two curing methods (self-cure [72.85 ± 16.26], dual cure [79.87 ± 23.07]; [P > 0.05]). However, the mean flexural strength without thermocycling (85.98 ± 21.74) was higher than that of the thermocycled group (64.24 ± 6.40) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The microhardness of Cention N in dual-cure mode was higher than that of self-cure mode, but the flexural strength of dual-cure was not significantly different from that of self-cure. Thermocycling had a significant effect on the microhardness and flexural strength.

Background: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) aimed to compare the 3-year survival rates of high viscosity glass ionomer restorations (HVGIC) using conventional cavity preparation and atraumatic restorative technique (ART) in primary molars. Materials and Methods: In this RCT, 139 schoolchildren aged 6–9 years with dentinal caries in primary molars were randomly allocated to groups, i.e. the ART group and the conventional group, utilizing a random number generator. Adequate allocation concealment was done. Intervention was delivered using standard procedure and GC Fuji IX ART HVGIC was used as restorations in both the groups. Analysis was carried in 92 participants, and survival rates in both the groups were compared at 12, 24, and 36-month intervals. IBM SPSS software was utilized to analyze the time taken for the procedure and the Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to assess the survival rates. P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The ART took longer to complete (16.48 ± 2.02 min) versus conventional rotary instrumentation (13.15 ± 1.32 min). The conventional method was slightly superior as compared to ART; excellent survival rates (i.e. >90%) were achieved in both groups at the end of 12-month follow-up with no significant differences at the end of 24 and 36 months as evident from Kaplan–Meier estimate (P = 0.255). Conclusion: Three-year follow-up showed that GIC restorations with ART and conventional method carried out using GC Fuji IX ART HVGIC were acceptably successful, substantiating the use of ART for the primary dentition in areas with high caries prevalence and limited access to dental care.

Background: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate drug release kinetics and cytotoxicity of a novel drug delivery system for treatment of periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study addresses the fabrication of a polycaprolactone/alginic acid-based polymeric film loaded with metronidazole, as a basic drug in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Films were prepared by solvent casting technique. Four formulations with different percentages of drug by weight (3%, 5%, 9%, and 13%) were prepared. Drug release kinetics were investigated using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy during (one week). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Cytotoxicity of drug-loaded system extracts was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using L929 cells after 24-h incubation. The results were evaluated according to ISO standard 10993-5 and assessed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: All polymeric films showed a burst drug release followed by a gradual release. Drug release data were fitted well with the first-order kinetic model in all drug-containing formulations indicating that drug release is a fraction of remaining drug in the matrix. Drug release is mainly driven by diffusion of medium into the composite matrix. 3%wt metronidazole-containing formulation exhibited the best MTT result. Conclusion: The findings of this study supported the synthesis of drug-loaded periodontal films with 3% metronidazole due to better biological properties along with the ability of acceptable drug release to eradicate anaerobic periodontal bacteria.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiographic success rates of 3Mixtatin and Modified 3Mix-MP paste and compare it with conventional root canal treatment procedure in primary molars requiring pulpectomy. Materials and Methods: In this in vivo study, 66 primary molars in 52 children aged between 4 and 8 years with primary molars having chronic periapical abscess were treated randomly with 3Mixtatin, Modified 3Mix-MP paste, and Metapex. The subjects were reviewed at 6 and 12 months both clinically and radiographically after pulpal therapy to evaluate and compare the healing process. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis at a significance level of 0.05. Results: By the end of 12-month follow-up among the three groups, Group I seemed to be performing consistently better as compared to the other two groups when evaluated clinically and radiographically. However, Group III resulted in the greatest number of failures, with success rate being mere 42.9% at the end of follow-up period. Conclusion: Radiographic and clinical healing occurred in all the three groups; however, based on our results, Group I seemed to be performing consistently better among the three groups at 12-month follow-up. Hence, it can be inferred that 3Mixtatin used as a localized agent is effective and comparable to both Modified 3Mix-MP paste and conventional pulpectomy procedure involving calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste in primary teeth.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the academic and clinical training of postgraduate dental students. This study aimed to assess various factors causing psychological stress in them, and the extent of stress perception during pandemic. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 postgraduate students from nine dental colleges of Haryana and National Capital Region, India, responded to an online questionnaire sent electronically to them in September 2020, which included modified dental environment stress (DES) score, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and questions regarding COVID-associated stress (CAS). Students already diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder or having a history of any major adverse event during the last 6 months likely to affect their psychological health were excluded from this study. The data obtained were analyzed using Chi-square test, Independent t-test, univariate ANOVA with post hoc tests, Pearson moment correlation, and multiple hierarchical regression tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: DES score was moderate for 48.8% and high for 34.4% of the participants. PSS was moderate for 69.2% and high for 18.8% of the participants. The most stressful factor in dental environment was the pattern of university examination, while the most stressful factor specific to COVID-19 was the fear of family members contracting the infection. PSS score was significantly higher in female participants. DES and CAS scores were significantly higher in students staying in hostels. Multiple hierarchical regression model depicted gender, mean health, and DES score as significant predictors of PSS. Conclusion: Postgraduate dental students reported the adverse impact of COVID-19 pandemic upon their training and prospects as a reason for the increase in stress.

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from an additional macrophage dysfunction in the secretion of growth factor, which later decreases transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). This condition disrupts proliferation and angiogenesis. Extract of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) contains flavonoid, an active substance which acts as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference in TGF-β1 expression in wound-healing process after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This is a laboratory experimental study using pretest and posttest on 24 Wistar rats which are divided into two groups: control group (treated with streptozotocin induction but without administration of okra fruit extract) and treatment group (treated with streptozotocin induction and oral administration of 250 mg/kg okra fruit extract once a day). Extractions of the rats' mandibular left incisors were performed using a pair of modified forceps and an elevator. The tooth sockets were then irrigated using saline solution. Four rats in each group were sacrificed on day 3 (KO1, PO1), 5 (KO2, PO2), and 7 (KO3, PO3). The socket tissues from the rats were then immunohistochemically analyzed. Data were analyzed at level significance of 0.05. Results: The average level of TGF-β1 expression in the treatment groups was higher compared to the control group: PO1 (11.59 ± 0.58), PO2 (15.15 ± 1.07), and PO3 (18.75 ± 2.73) as compared to KO1 (5.32 ± 1.69), KO2 (8.47 ± 0.60), and KO3 (9.28 ± 1.16) with P = 0.001. Conclusion: The administration of okra fruit extract can increase the level of TGF-β1 in wounds after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats.

Background: There are a limited number of studies about the effects of microbial aging on the mechanical properties of restorative materials. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated aging with Streptococcus mutans on the flexural strength of different resin-based materials. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on the blocks of different types of restorative materials including composite resin, giomer, and a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). Moreover, three types of aging, such as 30-day storage in distilled water, S. mutans, and germ-free culture medium, were used in this study. The three-point bending flexural strength of the specimens before and after aging was measured according to the International Organization for Standardization-4049 standard. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Results showed that the 30-day aging with the S. mutans significantly reduced the flexural strength of all three types of materials (P = 0.00). In all restorative materials, storage in a bacteria-free culture medium acted the same as distilled water, and there was no significant difference between these two solutions in terms of the flexural strength of the material, compared to the before-aging strength (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between S. mutans-based aging and distilled water aging regarding RMGI (P = 0.75). Conclusion: It can be concluded that aging by S. mutans reduced the flexural strength in all three restorative materials.

Background: This study compared microleakage of Class II cavities restored using bonded-base and bulk-fill techniques with different bases. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, in 60 extracted human molars, standardized (4 mm × 2 mm × 8 mm) Class II cavities were prepared, such that the gingival floor was located 1 mm below the CEJ. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups and filled with: (1) Fuji II LC + x-tra fil, (2) Ionoseal + x-tra fil, (3) x-tra base + x-tra fil, (4) Grandio Flow + x-tra fil, and (5) x-tra fil only [control group]; in open-sandwich technique, the base thickness was 1 mm. The bases were coated all gingival floor. Except for the first group, where dentin conditioner was used, the Clearfil SE bond was applied before application of the bases and restorative materials as a bonding agent. After 500 thermocycles between 5°C and 55°C, the specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine solution for 24 h. The restored teeth were sectioned, and the dye penetration in gingival floor was observed by a stereomicroscope at ×32. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests in SPSS software. The significance was determined at 0.05 confidence interval. Results: The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in microleakage among the study groups (P < 0.001). The Ionoseal group followed by the control group (x-tra fil composite) had the greatest microleakage. Except for the Ionoseal group, all other groups had significantly less microleakage than the control group. Conclusion: The use of bonded-base techniques could reduce microleakage, including those in bulk-fill composite restorations.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth common cancer in the world and 90% of oral malignant tumors. The aim of this study was the investigation of changes in some metabolic elements of OSCC patients' serum. Materials and Methods: In this study, international databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and National (Magiran, IranMedex) were searched from 1980 to 2019. To analyze the data, a random-effects model was used to combine the differences in the mean of studies in STATA Software (version 12). Results: A total of 724 articles were found with initial searching that 474 duplicate articles, 228 articles were excluded by reviewing the title and abstracts, and 17 articles were excluded from the study due to lack of inclusion criteria. Finally, five articles entered the meta-analysis phase. The mean difference value for zinc concentration of blood serum was 2.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36–3.66) and for copper was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.01–2.07). In both populations, the heterogeneity was found between studies (I² = 97.4, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Probably higher serum levels of copper and zinc could be one way to help to do a primary screening of OSCC in suspected patients.

Background: The repair of composite restorations is considered as a conservative treatment for avoiding the risk of pulp injury, the enlargement of cavity preparation, and excess removal of sound dental structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silane-containing adhesives on immediate and delayed shear bond strength (SBS) of repaired composite restorations. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 132 discs of Z350 composite were fabricated and divided into fresh (10 min water storage) and aged (6-month water storage + 2000 thermal cycling). All composite surfaces were roughened and etched, and each group was divided equally into six subgroups: 1 (Single Bond 2), 2 (Single Bond Universal), 3 (Clearfil Universal Bond), 4 (silane + Single Bond 2), 5 (silane + Single Bond Universal), and 6 (silane + Clearfil Universal Bond). The specimens were restored with the same composite, thermocycled, and tested for SBS in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA, t-test, and post hoc Tukey's tests. P < 0.05 was set as the level of significant. Results: The highest and lowest SBS (in both fresh and aged groups) were related to Single Bond 2 with silane and Clearfil Universal Bond with silane, respectively. The delayed SBS of Single Bond 2 was significantly higher than universal adhesives (in both with and without silane application) (P < 0.05). Silane had no significant effect on the repair bond strength of Single Bond 2 and Single Bond Universal (P > 0.05), while silane application significantly decreased the delayed SBS of Clearfil Universal Bond. Conclusion: The SBS of Single Bond 2 was significantly better than two other universal adhesives. The SBS of Single Bond Universal was not affected by silane application, while silane had a negative effect on delayed SBS of Clearfil Universal Bond.

Introduction: Although missing tooth is not life-threatening, it affects the quality of daily life. Stem cells have emerged as an important player in the generation and maintenance of many tissues. The role of scaffolds has changed from a passive carrier to a bioactive matrix, which can be used to induce cellular behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of regeneration of dentin-pulp complex with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in an animal model. Materials and Methods: In this animal study after extraction of DPSCs and cultivation, 10 types of scaffolds were made by using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), cancellous bone, and collagen pad. They were inserted in different parts of the dog's mouth. After the 4^th month, the area was operated, and the scaffolds were removed. Results: Microscopic examination revealed no sign of cell differentiation and formation of new structures in those models which used collagen scaffolds. However, the dentin-pulp complex emerged in models that the combination of bone scaffolds and PRP or stem cells was used. Conclusion: Using bone scaffolds in combination with PRP or DPSCs to regenerate dentin-pulp complex in dog helped odontoblastic and pulpal differentiation as well as the formation of predentin and tubular dentin.

Background: This study aimed to compare the continuous rotation and reciprocating movements of rotary files in achieving apical patency in root canal retreatment. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 64 extracted mandibular molars. The teeth were prepared up to F3 with ProTaper Universal and obturated using lateral compaction technique. The teeth were divided into four groups (n = 16) based on the mesiobuccal canal curvature (Schneider's method) and type of rotational movement. Groups 1 and 2 included straight canal teeth retreated with WaveOne Gold and ProTaper Universal Retreatment system, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 included teeth with moderately curved root canals retreated with WaveOne Gold and ProTaper Universal, respectively. Apical patency was ensured by observing the tip of a hand K-file at the apical foramen. Data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Apical patency was successfully achieved in all 16 teeth in group 1 (100%) and 15 teeth in group 2 (93.75%). No significant difference was noted between continuous rotation and reciprocating movements in straight canals (P = 1.00). Apical patency was successfully achieved in 15 teeth in group 3 (93.75%) and 12 teeth in group 4 (75%). No significant difference was noted between continuous rotation and reciprocating movements in moderately curved canals either (P = 0.333). Conclusion: Both continuous rotation and reciprocating movements are equally effective in achieving apical patency in straight or moderately curved mesiobuccal canal of mandibular molars.

Background: Dental scanners play a critical role in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology. This study aimed to compare the accuracy (precision and trueness) of eight dental scanners for dental bridge scanning. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro experimental study, a typodont model with a missing maxillary right first molar was prepared for a 3-unit fixed partial denture. Each scanner (Sirona inEos inLab, Sirona X5, Dentium, Imes icore 350I I3D, Amann Girrbach map 100, 3Shape D100, 3Shape E3) performed seven scans of the typodont, and the data were analyzed using 3D-Tool software. The abutment length, abutment width, arch length, and interdental distance were measured. To assess the accuracy of each scanner, trueness was evaluated by superimposing the scanned data on true values obtained by the 3shape Triosscanner as the reference. Precision was evaluated by superimposing a pair of data sets obtained from the same scanner. Precision and trueness of the scanners were compared using the one-way ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Tukey's HSD test and one-sample t-test (P<0.05 was considerer significant). Results: The precision of scanners ranged from 14 μm (3Shape Trios) to 45 μm (Imes icore 350i), whereas the trueness ranged from 38 μm (3Shape d700) to 71 μm (Sirona X5). Conclusion: The reported trueness values for 3Shape Trios, Sirona inEos inLab, Sirona x5, Dentium, Imes icore350i, Amann Girrbach, 3Shape d700, and 3Shape e3 were 63, 45, 71, 67, 70, 53, 38, and 42 μm, respectively, whereas the precision values were 14, 29, 44, 34, 45, 44, 30 and 28 μm, respectively.

Background: The purpose of this study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses about oral and dental care in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, the statistical population included 214 nurses working in the ICU of the affiliated hospitals of Isfahan University in 1394. The level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of ICU nurses was assessed using questionnaires whose justifiability and stability were verified at the beginning of the study with a pilot study. Data were entered into SPSS software and tested by t-test, Spearman, one-way variance, and least significant difference test. The significance level was < 0.05. Results: The data of this study showed that the score of knowledge and performance in male nurses was significantly different from female nurses. There was a significant relationship between nurse's education and their knowledge score (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the performance score of nurses working in different parts was different too (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings showed that the knowledge and performance of female nurses about oral care were higher than men, but the attitude of the two sexes is almost the same. Nurses with lower educational degree had less knowledge, but their attitude and performance did not differ. The performance score of nurses working in ICU was different, but they had similar knowledge and attitudes.

Background: The tissue engineering has recently shown a significant progress in the fields of membranes and biosynthetic materials. Advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) contains functional molecules that have newly shown great interest in regenerative therapies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of A-PRF on the adhesion of gingival fibroblast cells and osteosarcoma cells to different membranes. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, three collagen, alloderm, and mucograft membranes were studied, which were cut into four 5 mm × 5 mm pieces and placed in the bottom of a 24-well culture medium. One milliliter of A-PRF was added to two wells from each group and the other two wells remained without A-PRF. The gingival fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells were individually added to each well. The cell adhesion was studied using an electron microscope after 24 h. The data were analyzed by independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and least significant difference test. Results: In the presence of A-PRF, there was a significant higher osteoblast adhesion to collagen membrane compared to alloderm and mucograft membranes (P < 0.001). In the absence of A-PRF, adhesion of osteoblasts to collagen membrane was significantly higher than alloderm and mucograft (P = 0.019). Moreover, in the presence of A-PRF, fibroblast adhesion to collagen membrane was significantly higher than alloderm and mucograft membranes (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in the absence of A-PRF, no significant difference was found among the study groups (P = 0.830). Conclusion: A-PRF was effective on fibroblast adhesion to the collagen membrane, which is similar to its absence. A-PRF was also found to be very effective on the adhesion of fibroblast cells to the collagen membrane, and in its absence, even less adhesion was observed compared to the other membranes. The presence or absence of A-PRF showed no significant differences in both cells' adhesion for alloderm and mucograft membranes.

Background: There is no clinical study on ceramic self-ligating brackets (SLBs). Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted for the first time to address its effects. Materials and Methods: This split-mouth randomized trial was performed on 32 quadrants in 16 orthodontic patients needing extraction of maxillary premolars and distalization of canines. In each blinded patient, right/left sides were randomized into control (ceramic bracket) and experimental (ceramic SLB) groups. Dental stone models were taken before canine retraction and 3 months into retraction. Models were digitized as three-dimensional models. Changes were measured on superimposed models. Groups were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α = 0.05, β = 0.1). Results: Both bracket types caused significant changes after 3 months in terms of all assessed clinical outcomes (P ≤ 0.002). Compared to conventional ceramic brackets (control), ceramic SLBs reduced retraction rate (P = 0.001), canine rotation (P = 0.001), canine tipping (P = 0.002), and arch expansion at the canine site (P = 0.003). However, the extents of anchorage loss (P = 0.796) and arch constriction in the premolar area (P = 0.605) were not statistically different between the bracket types. Conclusion: Compared to conventional metal-lined ceramic brackets, active ceramic SLB can increase the duration of canine distalization, while reducing canine rotation and tipping (inducing more bodily movements). The loss of anchorage with ceramic SLB was similar to that of conventional ceramic bracket after 3 months of treatment (considering the lower rate of SLB canine retraction during that time). Both brackets similarly constricted the arch at the premolar site. In the canine area, they expanded the arch, with the SLB causing smaller extents of expansion.

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is an exceptional, aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) because of its unique histological feature and an ominous clinical behavior. Recently, it has been recognized as a high-grade SCC. The most preferential site of occurrence is the upper aerodigestive tract. Because of its aggressive behavior and tendency to metastasize, BSCCs are considered to have poor prognosis. We present a BSCC case in a 60-year-old male, which was clinically diagnosed as an aggressive inflammatory lesion with a differential diagnosis of granulomatous lesion, involving the mandibular anterior gingiva. Till now, only 17 cases of BSCC with gingival involvement have been reported in the literature. Here, we present one additional case of BSCC involving gingiva.

Background: Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) is a novel biomarker of inflammation for various chronic systemic diseases. Since periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, this study explores the association of A-FABP with periodontal disease parameters and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods: This original research article describes a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Periodontics, M. R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India. This cross-sectional investigation was conducted on sixty subjects which were divided into three groups of twenty subjects each – healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis. Clinical parameters – plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were analyzed for A-FABP and TNF-α levels using ELISA. One-way analysis of variance was used to find the significance of study parameters on a continuous scale between three groups. Pearson's correlation has been used to find the relationship between Gingival crevicular fluid concentration of markers and periodontal parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to the study. The statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: Mean concentration of A-FABP (6.43 ± 2.51) and TNF-α (3454.82 ± 1566.44) was highest in the periodontitis group, and the difference among the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between clinical attachment loss and the two markers among all groups. The correlation between A-FABP and TNF-α in periodontitis groups was positive and statistically significant (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression model was statistically significant (P < 0.05) indicating that there is a significant relationship between the set of predictors and the clinical attachment loss. Conclusion: A-FABP and TNF-α levels in GCF were significantly elevated in the presence of inflammation. A-FABP has a probable stimulatory effect on TNF-α; however, its role needs to be explored. A-FABP could serve as a novel inflammatory biomarker of periodontitis and the scope of using A-FABP inhibition as a treatment modality could be investigated with interventional studies.

Mandibular tooth extractions for camouflage treatments in borderline Class III patients may end up with unpleasing esthetic results which may lead the patient seeking further complicated retreatments. In this case report, we presented a patient's retreatment with a combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment plan. The treatment strategy involved an innovative temporary anchorage device (TAD)-based method for total mandibular arch mesialization instead of space reopening for first lower premolar replacement with implants. In the current case report, orthognathic management of a Class III adult female is discussed. The patient had a history of an esthetically unsuccessful previous camouflaged orthodontic treatment with two lower premolar extractions. She was prepared for orthognathic surgery using an innovative custom-made sliding jig based on miniscrews for total mandibular arch mesialization with the aim of dental arch decompensation. After gaining the optimal dental arch discrepancy, the patient had orthognathic surgery (maxillary advancement and mandibular setback and advancement genioplasty). Total mandibular dental arch mesialization with the aim of dental arch discrepancy preparation was successfully conducted using TADs. By means of the innovative miniscrew-anchored sliding jig, the patient's satisfactory esthetic and occlusal results were obtained in 22 months. With innovative application of the miniscrews, more practical and reasonable alternatives are available to replace conventional and complicated treatment plans such as space reopening for implants in patients with unsuccessful previous orthodontic therapies.

One of the causes of treatment failure is calcification in the canal pathway, which prevents complete access to proper working length, and one of the most difficult and challenging cases of root canal treatment has been reported. In some cases, the dentist will not be able to open the calcified canal. Therefore, the prognosis of root canal treatment in these cases has been reported poor, and the dentist will offer a plan for possible treatments, including tooth extraction or apical surgery. The presented case is one example of those cases with a periapical lesion, which as a temporary treatment, the pulp chamber was filled with cold ceramic. This material, which is an MTA-like (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) bioceramic with proper sealing ability, has been introduced as a root-end filling material. After 6 years of which the patient returned, he did not express any pain or discomfort during these 6 years. Furthermore, in radiograph that was taken, periapical lesion relative healing and bone regeneration were amazingly seen.

Background: Pulpectomy is the treatment of choice for severely infected primary molars. The aim of the study is to evaluate the instrumentation time and obturation quality using Kedo SG blue, Kedo SH, and reciprocating hand K files in primary mandibular molars. To evaluate the instrumentation time and obturation quality using Kedo-SG blue, Kedo-SH, and reciprocating hand K-files in primary mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted on 45 mandibular molars and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 15). Group I was instrumented using Kedo-SG blue pediatric rotary files, Group II with Kedo-SH pediatric hand files, and Group III with reciprocating hand K-files. Standardized digital radiographs were taken before and after root canal instrumentation. Root canal preparation time was also recorded. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was done using SPSS software version 17.0. An intergroup comparison of the instrumentation time and the quality of obturation were done using ANOVA and Chi-square test with the level of significance set at 5%. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant differences were noted with regard to the quality of obturation between the three groups (P < 0.14). However, a statistically significant difference was noted in the instrumentation time between the three groups (P = 0.000). Kedo-SG blue rotary file had significantly lesser instrumentation time when compared to that of Kedo-SH hand files and reciprocating hand K-files. Conclusion: On comparative evaluation, Kedo-SG blue pediatric rotary file showed a marked reduction in instrumentation time, followed by Kedo-SH pediatric hand files and reciprocating hand K-files.

Background: One of the drawbacks of tooth-colored dental restorations is their discoloration over time. The present study aimed to determine the effect of four categories of pediatric medications, including analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and multivitamins, on two types of tooth-colored dental materials, namely, composite resins and glass ionomer cements. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 40 specimens with disc shapes (with a diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 2 mm) were prepared from each material and immersed in eight different drugs for 2 min three times a day for 1 week. The values of the baseline color were calculated based on the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) L*a*b* system. After 7 days, ΔE values were calculated. Two-way analysis of variance was employed for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined at 0.05. Results: Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between ΔE and different restorative materials as well as ΔE and drug types (P < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this in vitro study, all the four types of drugs caused the discoloration in all the restorative materials, and the color change values were affected by the type of used drug and restorative material.

Background: Although it is shown that probiotic agents might reduce Streptococcus mutans, no study has evaluated this effect in the form of probiotic mouthrinse. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic experimental mouthwash Lactobacillus plantarum versus sodium fluoride and placebo mouthwashes on the number of S. mutans present in dental plaque around orthodontic brackets in fixed orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial. The total of 38 patients participate consisting of 12 patients in the fluoride group, 13 in the probiotic, and 12 in the placebo group. They were given mouthwashes to use twice a day for 2 weeks. Plaque sampling was performed using the 4-pass technique in all three groups in two stages: before the intervention and after 2 weeks of using the mouthwash. The number of bacteria present in the dental plaque was then reported based on the number of colonies grown on agar medium. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). Results: Gender distribution, mean age, and protocol adherence were not significantly different among all three groups. After the intervention, the number of S. mutans present in the dental plaque followed an increasing manner in the placebo (P = 0.005) and probiotic (P = 0.158) groups and decreased in fluoride group (P = 0.025). Conclusion: The L. plantarum probiotic mouthwash was ineffective in reduction of S. mutans in dental plaque. However, fluoride mouthwash is considerably effective against S. mutans and thus recommended.

Background: To improve the limitations, many modifications in the resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) composition have been proposed. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles incorporated into RMGI cement on its physical and antimicrobial properties. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, ZnO nanoparticles with 0–4 wt.% concentrations were incorporated into RMGI. The following tests were carried out: (a) Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans tested by disc diffusion method, (b) mechanical behavior assessment by measuring flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM), (c) micro-shear bond strength (μ-SBS), and (d) fluoride and zinc release. Data were analyzed using the statistical tests of ANOVA, t-test, and Tukey's HSD post hoc in SPSS V22. The level of significancy was 0.05. Results: In the disc diffusion method, specimens with 2 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy (P < 0.05). After 1 month of water storage, no significant difference was observed in FS and FM of the samples (P > 0.05). In 2 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles group, μSBS increased in the first 7 days but decreased by 17% after one month, which showed a significant difference with that of the control group. The fluoride release did no change in the ZnO nanoparticle-containing group compared with the control group at all time intervals. Conclusion: Incorporation of 2 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles into the RMGI cement adds antimicrobial activity to the cement without sacrificing FS and fluoride release properties, while decreased μSBS.

The success of the sandwich technique depends on the bond strength of composite to glass-ionomer cement (GIC)/resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC). Currently used adhesives employ the total-etch and the self-etch techniques. The total-etch system is technique sensitive, whereas the self-etch system is popular for its ease of use. The aim of this systematic review is to compare the effect of total-etch and self-etch adhesives (SEAs) on the bond strength of composite to GIC/(RMGIC) in the sandwich technique. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Ebscohost, and Scopus) limiting the year of publications from January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2018, to identify the relevant studies. All the cross-references of the selected studies were also screened. In vitro studies on extracted human teeth were selected. A total of 10 articles were included in this review. A conclusion was drawn that SEAs when used in the sandwich technique resulted in greater bond strength in comparison to total-etch adhesives. Moreover, increased bond strength was achieved when the primer was employed on unset GIC as compared to set GIC. Furthermore, the application of SEAs over uncured RMGIC (co-curing technique) resulted in better bond strengths as compared to their application over cured RMGIC.

Background: The management of children's anxiety in dental offices is still a challenge for the treatment team. The most important factors which affect children's dental anxiety are the clinician-related factors and the physical factors of the dental operatory. Color is an environmental factor whose relationship with the perceptive and emotional factors of children has been reported. On the other hand, distraction is essential factors in a treatment environment that can be used to manage children's anxiety. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, from 132 6 to 9 years of age children, 52.3% were male, and 47.7% were female, with a mean age of 7.45 ± 1.1 years. The children's anxiety levels were determined using the Venham Picture Test and pulse oximetry before and after the administration of local anesthesia. The children were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 66): Group 1, music, and Group 2, animated cartoons. The data were analyzed with SPSS 25, using descriptive statistics and the statistical tests consisting of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-test, and repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey honestly significant difference tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The anxiety levels were the lowest in the blue and pink environments and the highest in the black and red. Anxiety levels between different colors in terms of physiologic markers and the questionnaire in each distraction technique at different intervals was significantly different. Conclusion: The use of blue, pink, green, and yellow for dentists' attire, and the interior design of the dental operatory decreased the child patients' anxiety.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common oral malignancy with high rate of mortality. Cisplatin, as the most effective chemotherapy drug, has side effects. Considering the studies on the use of crocin in saffron in the treatment of various malignancies, this study aimed at investigating the effects of crocin and cisplatin and their combination on SCC and fibroblast cell lines. Materials and Methods: In this interventional study, HN5 and fibroblast cell lines were treated with different concentrations of crocin (12.5–50 μg/mL) and cisplatin (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL), and the cells were counted after 24, 48, and 72 h by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 17, and P < 0.05 was considered the level of significance. In the final stage, flow cytometry after 24 h in terms of the pattern of cell death was done. Results: Both drugs had a toxic effect on malignant cells. One point was the high toxic effect of 8 μg/mL cisplatin not only on cancer cells (P < 0.001) but also on fibroblasts. However, combination with 12.5 μg/mL of crocin had the same effect on HN5 cell line, despite the less toxic effect in fibroblasts in comparison with cisplatin alone (P = 0.012). Apoptosis was the pattern of cell death showed by flow cytometry. Conclusion: Crocin in high concentrations can have not only significant toxicity in cancer cells but also side effects in healthy tissue. It seems that lower doses of crocin, in combination with cisplatin, besides having anticancer effect, can reduce the toxicity of cisplatin in healthy tissue.

Background: A bonded fixed retainer is used to stabilize the alignment of the teeth. Different composites have been introduced for this purpose. This study aimed to investigate the wear resistance of flowable nanocomposite in comparison with microhybrid composite in an in vitro situation. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 46 disk-shaped specimens were divided into two groups: Filtek Ultimate flowable composite and Z250 microhybrid composite. The samples were prepared in 8 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness in an aluminum mold and light cured. They were polished with 600 grit sandpaper to achieve a smooth surface. Two-body wear test was accomplished by the pin-on-disk device (under 15 N, 20 rpm for 1 h). Analyzing the weight and thickness of specimens before and after the assay demonstrates the wear resistance. Data were analyzed using the t-test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Filtek Ultimate flowable composite shows no significant difference compared to Z250 microhybrid composite in thickness (P = 0.701) and weight (P = 0.939) of specimens. Conclusion: Due to wear resistance of both materials, flowable composite can be recommended as an alternative material for bonded fixed retainers.

Background: Presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) was introduced by Grayson et al., in 1993 to presurgically mold the alveolus, lip, and nose in infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP). The aim of this comparative clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of Modified and Conventional Grayson's PNAM in patients concerning morphological and anatomical changes in maxillary alveolus, nasal symmetry, number of visits, and duration of treatment. Materials and Methods: In this comparative clinical trial study, 16 infants with unilateral complete CLP were equally divided into two groups: Group I (modified PNAM technique using titanium molybdenum alloy [TMA] wire nasal stent) and Group II (conventional PNAM technique using stainless steel wire nasal stent). Patient photographic evaluation of nasal symmetry and maxillary study model CAD-CAM analysis, pre- and post-operatively in both groups, were compared using a paired t-test between the groups using the Chi-square test with P < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: In both groups, on evaluating nasal measurements, statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in nasal width and increase in columella deviation angle, a decrease of nostril length, and an increase of columella length in Group I were observed. On maxillary study model evaluation, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in width of the alveolar cleft was noticed in both groups and lateral deviation of the incisal point in Group I and width of the palatal cleft in Group II was noticed. Conclusion: This study showed a morphological improvement in nasal symmetry and maxillary alveolar morphology in complete unilateral CLP patients, treated with both Modified and Conventional PNAM techniques, with the Modified PNAM technique being more efficient for treatment duration and the number of adjustments as there are less number of visits.

Background: COVID-19 outbreak in 2019 took the entire world by a storm with the medical fraternity struggling to understand and comprehend its complex nature. A number of patients who are COVID positive have reported oral lesions. However, there is still a lingering question, whether these lesions are because of coronavirus infection or they are secondary to the patient's systemic condition. This article aims to report the oral findings of an observational study of 713 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A singlssswe-institution, short-term observational study was conducted on patients admitted to Symbiosis University Hospital and Research Centre, Lavale, Pune who were positive to coronavirus, who presented varied oral findings such as herpes simplex, candidiasis, geographic tongue, and aphthous ulcer. Results: A total of 713 patients, 416 males and 297 females, who were positive to coronavirus, were screened from April 2020 to June 30, 2020, for oral ulcers. In this group, nine patients reported oral discomfort due to varied forms of oral lesions ranging from herpes simplex ulcers to angular cheilitis (1.26%). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that oral manifestations in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 could be secondary lesions resulting from local irritants or from the deterioration of systemic health or could be just coexisting conditions. No specific pattern or characteristic oral lesions were noted in a study of 713 COVID-positive patients in our study to qualify these lesions as oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background: Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is one of the cytokines which has immunomodulatory properties and might play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was an immunohistochemical analysis of IL-29 in gingival tissues of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study based on clinical evaluation and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis, 13 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis, and 20 periodontally healthy individuals were enrolled. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal flap and crown lengthening surgery in periodontal patients and healthy individuals, respectively. Tissue samples were examined to determine the level of IL-29 expression by immunohistochemistry. The data were analyzed using SPSS and paired t-test, ANOVA test, and Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Results: A total of 53 participants (34 females and 19 males) were enrolled in this study. IL-29 expression in the connective tissue of the patient groups was more than the healthy one (P < 0.001). In the aggressive periodontitis group, there was a significant increase of IL-29 expression compared to the other two groups, but there was no significant difference between the chronic periodontitis and healthy groups. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, IL-29 expression was increased in the gingival tissue of aggressive and chronic periodontitis. IL-29 local expression in aggressive periodontitis is higher than the chronic periodontitis and healthy groups, which could suggest the role of IL-29 in the etiopathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis.

Background: To evaluate whether the long-term use of complete dentures (CD) into promotes significant changes in the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in edentulous patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. A broad search in Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Grey Literature, clinical trials registers and manual search was done. The eligibility criteria were based on population, intervention, comparisons and outcome: (P) edentulous patients, (I) CDs rehabilitation, (C) OHRQoL after CD, (O) change in scores of OHRQoL. Two independent reviewers applied the eligibility criteria, collected qualitative data, performed methodological quality and evaluated the certainty of the evidence (grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation). The meta-analysis was analyzed in RevMan 5.4 with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P < 0.05. Results: A total of 2452 records were identified. Twenty-four articles were included in qualitative synthesis. Nineteen studies were qualified as good, 3 as fair and 2 as poor quality. Twelve studies were included in quantitative analysis (meta-analysis). The use of CD did not improved OHRQoL in a period of 3 months through the assessment of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) instrument (P = 0.55; CI; 6.86 [−15.60, 29.31]), and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) (P = 0.05; CI; −14.91 [−29.87, 0.04]), with very low certainty of evidence. In a long term, 6 months, GOHAI instrument (P < 0.00001; CI; 16.22 [10.70, 21.74]), OHIP 20 (P = 0.02; CI; −11.09 [−20.54, −1.64]) and OHIP-EDENT (P = 0.0004; CI; −8.59 [−13.32, −3.86]) showed improvement on OHRQoL, with very low and low evidence of certainty, respectively. Conclusion: CD has the strong potential to contribute to oral health-related quality of life in long-term.

Background: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of five different surface treatments on the mechanical property and antimicrobial effect of three desiccated glass ionomer cements. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 300 rectangular blocks of three different restorative materials were fabricated using an aluminum mold, Group I (n = 100) Micron bioactive, Group II (n = 100) GC Fuji IX GP Extra, and Group III (n = 100) bioglass R. These blocks were stored in 100% humidity for 24 h and then placed in air to desiccate for another 24 h. These groups were further divided into two major groups (n = 50) for both mechanical (Flexural) and antimicrobial testing. The blocks of mechanical and antimicrobial groups were further divided into five subgroups (n = 10) based on the medias used for surface treatment (senquelNaF, MI varnish, chlorhex plus, kedodent mouthwash, and 100% humidity [control]). Flexural strength (FS) was measured using the universal testing machine. Fracture strength of groups was compared using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Antimicrobial effect was carried out by covering the specimens in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans followed by incubation for 24 h. The blocks were later washed, vortex mixed, serially diluted, and plated. Ccolony-forming unit/ml was calculated after 3 days of incubation. Data were then analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U nonparametric test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Micron bioactive with the surface treatment of MI varnish significantly exhibited highest FS. Surface treatment of desiccated restorative materials with chlorhex plus exhibited no growth of S. mutans. GC Fuji IX GP Extra with surface treatment of MI varnish exhibited highest reduction in S. mutans growth compared to other experimental group. Conclusion: Surface treatment of restorative material with MI varnish improved their mechanical and antimicrobial property while among three restorative materials Micron bioactive showed better mechanical property, whereas GC Fuji IX GP Extra exhibited better antimicrobial property.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) has several functions in bone healing and affects bone metabolism. Selective inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitors can be used to assess the efficacy of NO for healing of bone defects. This study sought to assess the local effect of different concentrations of aminoguanidine hydrochloride (AG), a selective iNOS inhibitor, on bone healing in rats. Materials and Methods: In this animal experimental study, 72 rats were divided into six groups of control, placebo, 5% AG, 10% AG, 15% AG, and 20% AG. A bone defect measuring 5 mm × 5 mm was created in the femur. The defect remained empty in the control group. In the placebo group, neutral gel was placed in the bone defect, and in the remaining four AG groups, different concentrations of AG were applied to the defects. Bone healing was assessed histologically. The healing score in the six groups was analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The healing score in 20%, 15%, 10%, and 5% AG groups was significantly higher than that in the neutral gel and control groups (P < 0.01). Among the four groups of AG, 20% concentration showed better results, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion: Four concentrations of AG caused greater bone healing compared to the other two groups. Selective iNOS inhibitors such as AG can be used to promote local bone healing.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Vitamin E supplements on chronic periodontitis based on the clinical parameters of pocket depth and clinical attachment level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 16 patients with chronic periodontitis were selected and divided into two groups. The indices of pocket depth and attachment loss for 6 teeth per person were measured with a periodontal probe. A total of 41 teeth in the control group and 42 teeth in the case group were examined. Then, 2 ml nonstimulated saliva was collected from each patient. All patients were treated with scaling and root planing (SRP). The case group consumed 200 IU supplementary Vitamin E daily for up to 2 months. After 2 months, clinical indices were re-measured and 2 ml nonstimulated saliva was collected. The TAC of saliva samples was measured by using Zellbio's TAC Kit. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software and were evaluated in each group between the first session and 2 months later with paired t-test. The differences between the two groups were evaluated through the independent t-test (α ≤ 0.05). Results: Independent t-test showed that mean change in TAC (P = 0.14) and pocket depth changes (P = 0.33) was not significant between two groups 2 months after SRP, but mean attachment loss changes in the case group was significantly less than the control group (P = 0.03). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Vitamin E supplementation with SRP can reduce the inflammatory process of periodontitis and improve periodontal clinical indices and decrease the amount of attachment loss.

Background: Only a few controversial studies have assessed the repair bond strength of a fresh composite to aged composite. Moreover, no studies exist on repair bond strength of fresh composites to bleached composites. Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted to assess repair shear bond strength (SBS) of three composites bonded to nonbleached and at-home and in-office bleached composites. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, 108 disks (36 specimens per composite) of hybrid, microhybrid, and nanofilled composites were divided into three subgroups of three bleaching treatments: no bleaching (control), at-home bleaching, and in-office bleaching. Composite disks were incubated for 4 weeks in artificial saliva (also dipped in tea and coffee for 3 h a day). They were then thermocycled (5000 cycles). Afterward, the control group remained unbleached, while the other groups were bleached according to office and home bleaching methods. They were repaired with the same composite type. Their repair SBS and mode of failure were measured and analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey, one-sample t-test, and Chi-square tests (α = 0.05, β = 0.2). Results: The mean (standard deviation) SBS values of hybrid, microhybrid, and nanofilled composites were 20.71 ± 5.99, 21.06 ± 6.68, and 9.46 ± 4.32 MPa, respectively. The mean SBS values of the bleaching techniques “home bleaching, office bleaching, and no bleaching (control)” were, respectively, 16.35 ± 7.13, 16.39 ± 8.07, and 18.49 ± 8.35 MPa. There was a significant difference among composites (two-way ANOVA P = 0.000) but not among nonbleaching/bleaching methods (P = 0.176). Their interaction was significant (P = 0.017). The difference between hybrid and microhybrid was not significant. Nevertheless, nanofilled had significantly poorer results compared to both hybrid and microhybrid composites (Tukey P = 0.000). Both hybrid and microhybrid were capable of producing satisfactory clinical repair bond strengths (above 20 MPa) regardless of bleaching or lack of it. Nanofilled composite failed to provide proper repair SBS values, even in the control (no-bleaching) group. By moving from Z100 or from Z250 to Z350, modes of failure shifted from mostly cohesive to mostly adhesive (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Bleaching of an aged composite might not affect the repair bond strength. Hybrid and microhybrid composites can provide clinically acceptable repair bond strengths, regardless of bleaching. Nonetheless, nanofilled composite is inferior to them and cannot provide appropriate repair bond strengths (regardless of bleaching).